| Author | Title | Year | Journal/Proceedings | Reftype | DOI/URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| af Klinteberg, B., Hallman, J., Oreland, L., Wirséna, A., Levander, S.E. and Schalling, D. | Exploring the connections between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and behavior | 1992 | Neuropsychobiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Platelet MAO activity has been found to have behavioral (psychiatric and personality) correlates. The purpose of the present study was to explore the nature of the connections between platelet MAO activity and behavior by analyzing performance in neuropsychological tasks in relation to platelet MAO activity, measured in 37 male subjects. The following neuropsychological tests were given: a finger tapping and alternation test, a reaction time test, a perceptual maze test, a perspective fluctuation task (the Necker cube), and a lexical decision task. The reaction time taks comprised a motor disinhibition task, in which auditory stimuli given simultaneously with light stimuli were signals for response inhibition. Significant relationships were obtained between low MAO activity and short response times and small variations in response times to left-sided visual stimuli, suggesting a readiness for higher right hemisphere activation in low MAO subjects, and between low platelet MAO activity and many perspective reversals, in line with expectations. Furthermore, high MAO subjects had equal tapping speed for both hands, which has been found in schizophrenic patients. Of special interest in the present results is the strong negative relationship obtained between platelet MAO activity and number of failed inhibitions in the motor disinhibition task, which in a multiple regression analysis highly significantly contributed to the prediction of platelet MAO activity. This finding is in line with the poor passive avoidance performance associated with serotonergic deficiency and syndromes of disinhibition, and thus supports the assumption that platelet MAO activity may be considered as a genetic marker for some properties of the central serotonergic system. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{AfKlinteberg1992,
author = {af Klinteberg, Britt and Hallman, Jarmila and Oreland, Lars and Wirséna, Ann and Levander, Sten E. and Schalling, Daisy},
title = {Exploring the connections between platelet monoamine oxidase activity and behavior},
journal = {Neuropsychobiology},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000118909}
}
|
|||||
| Aks, D.J. and Sprott, J.C. | The role of depth and 1/f dynamics in perceiving reversible figures | 2003 | Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When confronted with a reversible figure, such as the Necker Cube, viewers experience a spontaneously changing percept. We assess the dynamic of how the human visual system resolves perceptual ambiguity in stimuli that offer multiple interpretations. Subjects observed the Necker cube for one of three viewing durations during which they pressed a key each time they perceived a change in the orientation of the cube. Manipulations of binocular disparity served as a parameter to control perceptual stability. Low-depth conditions yielded more perceptual reversals than high-depth conditions. A Fourier analysis performed on the time series of reversals show 1/f (pink) noise was evident in their power spectra. These results together with theoretical models of complex systems (e.g., Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld, 1987) suggest that depth information may guide our perceptual system into a self-organized state to assist us in resolving ambiguous information. Moreover, slopes of the spectra were steeper in high-depth and brief viewing conditions, suggesting that the visual system relies more on previous perceptual states and filters more white noise in these conditions. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Aks2003,
author = {Aks, Deborah J. and Sprott, Julien C.},
title = {The role of depth and 1/f dynamics in perceiving reversible figures},
journal = {Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences},
year = {2003},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021431631831}
}
|
|||||
| Alais, D., van Boxtel, J.J., Parker, A. and van Ee, R. | Attending to auditory signals slows visual alternations in binocular rivalry | 2010 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A previous study has shown that diverting attention from binocular rivalry to a visual distractor task results in a slowing of rivalry alternation rate between simple orthogonal orientations. Here, we investigate whether the slowing of visual perceptual alternations will occur when attention is diverted to an auditory distractor task, and we extend the investigation by testing this for two kinds of binocular rivalry stimuli and for the Necker cube. Our results show that doing the auditory attention task does indeed slow visual perceptual alternations, that the slowing effect is a graded function of attentional load, and that the attentional slowing effect is less pronounced for grating rivalry than for house/face rivalry and for the Necker cube. These results are explained in terms of supramodal attentional resources modulating a high-level interpretative process in perceptual ambiguity, together with a role for feedback to early visual processes in the case of binocular rivalry. textcopyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Alais2010,
author = {Alais, David and van Boxtel, Jeroen J. and Parker, Amanda and van Ee, Raymond},
title = {Attending to auditory signals slows visual alternations in binocular rivalry},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.03.010}
}
|
|||||
| Albu, M. and Szondy, M. | Relation of hot and cold executive functions with mindfulness | 2029 | ESCOP 2013: 18th Meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Budapest, Hungary, August 29-September 1, 2013 [Abstracts] | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: Aim: Mindfulness involves nonjudgmental attention to present-moment experience. This study investigated the link between self-reported mindfulness and hot- (emotional and social skills) and cold (cognitive) executive control processes. Method: The study addresses the relationship between a dispositional measure of mindfulness (FFMQ, Baer et al., 2006) and measures of attention, cognitive inhibition (Stroop interference task), working memory tasks, cognitive flexibility (Necker cube illusion). Beside these tests of cognitive executive functions neuropsychological measures of emotions were used, as well. Results: Overall the results suggest that working memory, Stroop-interference and cognitive flexibility are positively related to levels of mindfulness. Correlations between self-reported mindfulness and all cognitive executive measurements were of moderate to high strength. Furthermore, Necker cube illusion measuring cognitive flexibility could be used as an objective tool for measuring mindfulness abilities. On the other hand emotional and social skills measurements exhibited a negative correlation with self-reported mindfulness (especially with Nonjudging factor). Conclusions: This pattern of results suggests that mindfulness is intimately linked to improvement of executive functions and cognitive flexibility. Emotional functions tend to show an inverse pattern, explained by the fact that mindfulness-based interventions are focusing on reduction of emotionality. The relevance of these findings for mental balance and well-being are discussed. (PsycEXTRA Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Albu2029,
author = {Albu, Monika and Szondy, Mate},
title = {Relation of hot and cold executive functions with mindfulness},
booktitle = {ESCOP 2013: 18th Meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Budapest, Hungary, August 29-September 1, 2013 [Abstracts]},
year = {2029},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/e636952013-275}
}
|
|||||
| Arecchi, F.T., Farini, A. and Megna, N. | A test of multiple correlation temporal window characteristic of non-markov processes | 2016 | European Physical Journal Plus | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We introduce a sensitive test of memory effects in successive events. The test consists of a combination K of binary correlations at successive times. K decays monotonically from K = 1 for uncorrelated events as a Markov process. For a monotonic memory fading, Ktextless1 always. Here we report evidence of a Ktextgreater1 temporal window in cognitive tasks consisting of the visual identification of the front face of the Necker cube after a previous presentation of the same. We speculate that memory effects provide a temporal window with Ktextgreater1 and this experiment could be a possible first step towards a better comprehension of this phenomenon. The Ktextgreater1 behaviour is maximal at an inter-measurement time τ around 2s with inter-subject differences. The Ktextgreater1 persists over a time window of 1s around backslashtau$ ; outside this window the $Ktextless1$ behaviour is recovered. The universal occurrence of a $ Ktextgreater1$ window in pairs of successive perceptions suggests that, at variance with single visual stimuli eliciting a suitable response, a pair of stimuli shortly separated in time displays mutual correlations. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Arecchi2016,
author = {Arecchi, F. T. and Farini, A. and Megna, N.},
title = {A test of multiple correlation temporal window characteristic of non-markov processes},
journal = {European Physical Journal Plus},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/i2016-16050-6}
}
|
|||||
| Arrighi, R., Arecchi, F.T., Farini, A. and Gheri, C. | Cueing the interpretation of a Necker Cube: A way to inspect fundamental cognitive processes | 2009 | Cognitive Processing | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Covellite CuS consists of alternating layers with compositions CuS and Cu2S2. We examine the anisotropy of the electrical conductivity and the origin of the structural phase transition in CuS by performing extended Hückel tight-binding band electronic structure calculations. Our study shows that CuS is a three-dimensional metal, but its conductivity should be much greater along the directions perpendicular than parallel to the c-axis. The partially empty valence bands of CuS have strong contributions from the sulfur 3p orbitals of the Cu2S2 layers, so that the oxidation state of CuS is better described by (Cu+)3(S2-)(S2- than by (Cu+)3(S-)(S22-). The structural phase transition of CuS is not driven by Fermi surface instability. A probable cause for this phase transition cannot be the bonding interactions between the Cu+ ions but the van der Waals interactions of the S…S contacts between the CuS and Cu2S2 layers. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Arrighi2009,
author = {Arrighi, Roberto and Arecchi, Fortunato Tito and Farini, Alessandro and Gheri, Carolina},
title = {Cueing the interpretation of a Necker Cube: A way to inspect fundamental cognitive processes},
journal = {Cognitive Processing},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-008-0244-9}
}
|
|||||
| Atmanspacher, H., Filk, T. and Römer, H. | Quantum Zeno features of bistable perception | 2004 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A generalized quantum theoretical framework, not restricted to the validity domain of standard quantum physics, is used to model the dynamics of the bistable perception of ambiguous visual stimuli such as the Necker cube. The central idea is to treat the perception process in terms of the evolution of an unstable two-state system. This gives rise to a "Necker-Zeno" effect, in analogy to the quantum Zeno effect. A quantitative relation between the involved time scales is theoretically derived. This relation is found to be satisfied by empirically obtained cognitive time scales relevant for bistable perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Atmanspacher2004,
author = {Atmanspacher, Harald and Filk, Thomas and Römer, Hartmann},
title = {Quantum Zeno features of bistable perception},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-003-0436-4}
}
|
|||||
| Backus, B.T. and Haijiang, Q. | Competition between newly recruited and pre-existing visual cues during the construction of visual appearance | 2007 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: During perception, conflicting visual cues often trade against each other. Recent cue recruitment experiments show that the visual system can be conditioned to use artificial visual cues during the perception of a bistable stimulus. Does the visual system treat the new cue as an independent source of information, separate from the long-trusted cues that were used to train it? If so, presence of the long-trusted cue should not be sufficient to block the new cue's effect. Here, we show that a newly recruited cue (stimulus location) and a long-trusted, pre-existing cue (binocular disparity) trade against each other: they contribute simultaneously to the direction of perceived 3D rotation of a Necker cube. We also show that the new position cue was based primarily on retinal position, so early visual areas may mediate the cue's effect. textcopyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Backus2007,
author = {Backus, Benjamin T. and Haijiang, Qi},
title = {Competition between newly recruited and pre-existing visual cues during the construction of visual appearance},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.12.008}
}
|
|||||
| Backus, B.T. | The Mixture of Bernoulli Experts: A theory to quantify reliance on cues in dichotomous perceptual decisions | 2009 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The appearances of perceptually bistable stimuli can by definition be reported with confidence, so these stimuli may be useful to investigate how visual cues are learned and combined to construct visual appearance. However, interpreting experimental data (percent of trials seen one way or the other) requires a theoretically motivated measure of cue effectiveness. Here we describe a simple Bayesian theory for dichotomous perceptual decisions: the Mixture of Bernoulli Experts or MBE. In this theory, a cue's subjective reliability is the product of a weight and an estimate of the cue's ecological validity. The theory (1) justifies the use of probit analysis to measure the system's reliance on a cue and (2) enables hypothesis testing. To illustrate, we used apparent 3D rotation direction in perceptually ambiguous Necker cube movies to test whether the visual system relied on a newly recruited cue (position of the stimulus within the visual field) to the same extent when a long-trusted cue (binocular disparity) was present or not present in the display. For six trainees, reliance on the newly recruited cue was similar whether or not the long-trusted cue was present, suggesting that the visual system assumed the new cue to be conditionally independent. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Backus2009,
author = {Backus, B. T.},
title = {The Mixture of Bernoulli Experts: A theory to quantify reliance on cues in dichotomous perceptual decisions},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/9.1.6}
}
|
|||||
| Baker, D.H., Karapanagiotidis, T., Coggan, D.D., Wailes-Newson, K. and Smallwood, J. | Brain networks underlying bistable perception | 2015 | NeuroImage | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Bistable stimuli, such as the Necker Cube, demonstrate that experience can change in the absence of changes in the environment. Such phenomena can be used to assess stimulus-independent aspects of conscious experience. The current study used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to index stimulus-independent changes in neural activity to understand the neural architecture that determines dominance durations during bistable perception (using binocular rivalry and Necker cube stimuli). Anterior regions of the Superior Parietal Lobule (SPL) exhibited robust connectivity with regions of primary sensorimotor cortex. The strength of this region's connectivity with the striatum predicted shorter dominance durations during binocular rivalry, whereas its connectivity to pre-motor cortex predicted longer dominance durations for the Necker Cube. Posterior regions of the SPL, on the other hand, were coupled to associative cortex in the temporal and frontal lobes. The posterior SPL's connectivity to the temporal lobe predicted longer dominance during binocular rivalry. In conjunction with prior work, these data suggest that the anterior SPL contributes to perceptual rivalry through the inhibition of incongruent bottom up information, whereas the posterior SPL influences rivalry by supporting the current interpretation of a bistable stimulus. Our data suggests that the functional connectivity of the SPL with regions of sensory, motor, and associative cortex allows it to regulate the interpretation of the environment that forms the focus of conscious attention at a specific moment in time. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Baker2015,
author = {Baker, Daniel H. and Karapanagiotidis, Theodoros and Coggan, David D. and Wailes-Newson, Kirstie and Smallwood, Jonathan},
title = {Brain networks underlying bistable perception},
journal = {NeuroImage},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.053}
}
|
|||||
| Bartfai, A., Levander, S.E., Nybäck, H., Berggren, B.M. and Schalling, D. | Smooth pursuit eye tracking, neuropsychological test performance, and computed tomography in schizophrenia | 1985 | Psychiatry Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) were measured in 18 patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia. Some degree of SPEM impairment was present in most patients. Deviant eye tracking was not related to rating of severity of illness, but was related to recurrent episodes of hospitalization, antipsychotic medication, and lower rating in anxiety and delusions. Worse SPEM tended to be associated with larger lateral ventricles as assessed on computed tomography. Three patients with reversed occipital asymmetry had was related to worse performance in Finger Tapping and in the Trail-Making Test, and to fewer perceived alternations of a Necker cube, suggesting that frontoparietal disturbances are related to poor pursuit eye tracking in schizophrenia. textcopyright 1985. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bartfai1985,
author = {Bartfai, Aniko and Levander, Sten E. and Nybäck, Henrik and Berggren, Britt Marie and Schalling, Daisy},
title = {Smooth pursuit eye tracking, neuropsychological test performance, and computed tomography in schizophrenia},
journal = {Psychiatry Research},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(85)90039-3}
}
|
|||||
| Bartfai, A., Wirsén, A., Levander, S. and Schalling, D. | Smooth pursuit eye tracking and neuro-psychological performance in healthy volunteers: Exploring a possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia | 1989 | Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Eye movement dysfunction (EMD) has been repeatedly found in schizophrenics and their first-degree relatives. In the present study, smooth pursuit eye tracking was measured in healthy subjects and related to performance on computerized neuropsychological tasks assumed to involve frontal or frontoparietal functions: monitoring perspective fluctuations (Necker cube), finger tapping, trail making, reaction time (RT) and a perceptual maze test. Poor trackers performed worse on tasks requiring parallel processing (trail making with letters and digits and RT with random auditory signals for response inhibition) and made more errors and cancellations on the mazes. Results are in line with our earlier EMD results on schizophrenics, showing poor performance on frontal tasks. However, their deficiency was more pervasive, whereas the present healthy EMD subjects only had difficulties with more complex tasks. The results are of interest in view of the recent evidence that EMD may be a genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bartfai1989,
author = {Bartfai, A. and Wirsén, A. and Levander, S. and Schalling, D.},
title = {Smooth pursuit eye tracking and neuro-psychological performance in healthy volunteers: Exploring a possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia},
journal = {Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica},
year = {1989},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb03009.x}
}
|
|||||
| Beer, J. | Hemispheric dominance inferred from Your Style of Learning and Thinking on reports of Necker cube reversals and maze learning | 1988 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 30 subjects volunteered from three sources: community adults (M age = 32.8, SD = 13.4), college adults (M age = 23.8, SD = 8.3), and children (M age = 9.5, SD = 1.7) and were categorized as 'left-' and 'right-dominant' by scores on Your Style of Thinking and Learning. They reported the number of Necker cube reversals perceived in 90 sec., attempted to locate four embedded figures, and blindly traversed a 16-choice point finger maze in that order. 'Right-dominant' subjects located more embedded figures and made fewer errors on the finger maze than did 'left-dominant' subjects. College adults reported more Necker cube reversals than did community adults and children, and community adults reported more reversals than did children. Confounds of performance measures with fatigue and/or practice require further research. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beer1988,
author = {Beer, J},
title = {Hemispheric dominance inferred from Your Style of Learning and Thinking on reports of Necker cube reversals and maze learning},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1988},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.887}
}
|
|||||
| Beer, J., Markley, R.P. and Camp, C.J. | Age and living conditions as related to perceptions of ambiguous figures | 1989 | Psychol Rep | article | |
| Abstract: For ambiguous figures, reversing and embedded/hidden subfigures, data were obtained from four groups of 20 subjects each varying in age (young or elderly) and living environments (in college, in the community, and in nursing homes or confined to an institution). 10 men and 10 women were tested in each of the four groups. Dependent measures were the number of reversals passively reported for the Necker cube, the Mach book, the Schroeder staircase within 90 sec. on each task, and the number of embedded/hidden figures located. Younger subjects generally saw more reversals and found more embedded figures than elderly ones. The subjects' living situation, education, and verbal ability also were correlated with perceptual performance. These results suggest generalization of age associations with scores in 90 sec. must be tempered by consideration of other factors which affect intactness, basic competence, and how competence is measured. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beer1989,
author = {Beer, J and Markley, R P and Camp, C J},
title = {Age and living conditions as related to perceptions of ambiguous figures},
journal = {Psychol Rep},
year = {1989}
}
|
|||||
| Beer, J. | Learning effects while passively viewing the Necker cube | 1989 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Over a 2-wk. period 15 high school students passively viewed a Necker cube for 5 trials (90 sec. per trial). The number of reversals per trial indicates there were practice effects. Measures of tolerance of ambiguity (Tolerance of Ambiguity), anxiety (General Anxiety Scale and Test Anxiety Scale), and rigidity (Breskin's Rigidity) were administered. Pearson correlations indicate that tolerance of ambiguity was not associated with viewing an ambiguous figure, the Necker cube. Analysis also suggests the more rigid the person's outlook, the fewer reversals were reported, and exposure to viewing the figure lowers anxiety. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beer1989a,
author = {Beer, J},
title = {Learning effects while passively viewing the Necker cube},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1989},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.3f.1391}
}
|
|||||
| Beer, J. | Correlations among ambiguous figures, curiosity, and spatial ability | 1990 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: For 29 college students (6 men, 23 women) who passively viewed in each of 6 blocks both the Schroeder stair and the Necker cube for 3 min. apiece with one 3-min. rest between viewings, their frequency of reversals, sex, GPA, scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Information subtest, the two-dimensional Test 8, and the three-dimensional Test 9 of the Multiple Aptitude Test, measuring spatial ability, and three curiosity measures--the Which-to-Discuss Test, the Maze test, and the Ontario Test of Intrinsic Motivation--were not significantly correlated by Pearson's method with the number of ambiguous figure reversals. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beer1990,
author = {Beer, J},
title = {Correlations among ambiguous figures, curiosity, and spatial ability},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1990},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.3f.1188}
}
|
|||||
| Beer, J. | Facilitation effects with the order of presentation of the Necker cube and Schroeder staircase. | 1990 | Perceptual and motor skills | article | |
| Abstract: Each of 6 men and 23 women, recruited from upper division college classes was assigned to one of two conditions of viewing ambiguous figures. To Group 1 (4 men, 10 women) was presented the Schroeder stair first, then the Necker cube, while to Group 2 (2 men, 13 women) the illusions were presented in the opposite order. During 6 blocks each subject passively viewed the first figure for 3 min., followed by a 3-min. rest, and then viewed the second figure for 3 min. Subjects indicated verbally when they perceived shift. There was no significant facilitation but reversals increased when subjects viewed the same figure for a second time. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beer1990a,
author = {Beer, J},
title = {Facilitation effects with the order of presentation of the Necker cube and Schroeder staircase.},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
year = {1990}
}
|
|||||
| Benedek, G. and Caglioti, G. | Graphics and quantum mechanics�The necker cube as a quantum-like two-level system [BibTeX] |
2019 | Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing | inproceedings | DOI |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Benedek2019,
author = {Benedek, Giorgio and Caglioti, Giuseppe},
title = {Graphics and quantum mechanics�The necker cube as a quantum-like two-level system},
booktitle = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
year = {2019},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95588-9_12}
}
|
|||||
| Berndt, D.J. and Berndt, S.M. | Relationship of mild depression to psychological deficit in college students | 1980 | Journal of Clinical Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 25 mildly depressed and 25 nondepressed college students, identified on the basis of their scores on the Multiscore Depression Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, were distinguished by a discriminant analysis of their scores on 6 measures of psychological deficit. The significant function correctly identified 88% of the nondepressed group and 92% of the mildly depressed group with 4 variables: easy paired associates, a digit symbol test, a writing speed task, and Necker cube reversals. A measure of short-term memory and hard paired associates did not load on the discriminant function. Results suggest that mild depression is associated with a deficit in energy during both initial perceptual processing and organization and execution of psychomotor tasks. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Berndt1980,
author = {Berndt, David J. and Berndt, Sheila M.},
title = {Relationship of mild depression to psychological deficit in college students},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
year = {1980},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198010)36:4%3C868::AID-JCLP2270360406%3E3.0.CO;2-X}
}
|
|||||
| Bertamini, M., Masala, L., Meyer, G. and Bruno, N. | Vision, haptics, and attention: New data from a multisensory necker cube | 2010 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When looking monocularly at a three-dimensional (3-D) Necker cube two percepts alternate: a cube and a truncated pyramid. The latter is due to a depth reversal. We studied the effect of haptic information by having participants hold the cube with their hands and explore two of its vertices. Touch reduces the likelihood of the pyramid, consistent with a multisensory view of 3-D form perception. In addition, when the hand alternates between stationary and haptic exploration, the onset of the hand movement plays a crucial role in inhibiting reversals. A temporal analysis revealed that suppression occurred within a window lasting a few seconds from motion onset. In experiment 1, we monitored eye movements and instructed participants where to fixate. Although the percept does depend on which vertex is fixated, we ruled out a role of changes of fixation as a mediating factor for the effect of motion onset. In experiment 2, we introduced a change of position of the exploring hand as a new type of transition. This type of change did not produce the same inhibition generated by the motion onset. We conclude that motion onset does not simply draw attention towards haptic information. Rather, the influence of haptics peaks briefly after new information becomes available. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bertamini2010,
author = {Bertamini, Marco and Masala, Luigi and Meyer, Georg and Bruno, Nicola},
title = {Vision, haptics, and attention: New data from a multisensory necker cube},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p6461}
}
|
|||||
| Beyerlein, I.J., Mara, N.A., Bhattacharyya, D., Alexander, D.J. and Necker, C.T. | Texture evolution via combined slip and deformation twinning in rolled silver-copper cast eutectic nanocomposite | 2011 | International Journal of Plasticity | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In this work, a silver-copper (Ag-Cu) nanocomposite with 200 nm bilayer thickness and eutectic composition was rolled at room temperature and 200 �C to nominal reductions of 75% and higher. Initially the material had a random texture and 1 1 1 bi-metal interface plane. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the Ag and Cu phases developed the same brass-type (or 'alloy-type') rolling texture regardless of rolling reduction and temperature. Transmission electron microscopy analyses of the nanostructures before and after rolling suggest that adjoining Ag and Cu layers maintained a cube-on-cube relationship but the interface plane changed after rolling. Polycrystal plasticity simulations accounting for plastic slip and deformation twinning in each phase were carried out to explore many possible causes for the brass-type texture development: twinning via a volume effect or barrier effect, Shockley partial slip, and confined layer slip. The results suggest that the observed texture evolution may be due to profuse twinning within both phases. Maintaining the cube-on-cube relationship would then imply that neighboring Ag and Cu crystals twinned by the same variant and on a twin plane non-parallel to the original interface plane. Explanations for this unusual possibility for Cu are provided at the end based on the properties of the Ag-Cu interface. textcopyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Beyerlein2011,
author = {Beyerlein, Irene J. and Mara, Nathan A. and Bhattacharyya, Dhriti and Alexander, David J. and Necker, Carl T.},
title = {Texture evolution via combined slip and deformation twinning in rolled silver-copper cast eutectic nanocomposite},
journal = {International Journal of Plasticity},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.05.007}
}
|
|||||
| Bialek, W. and Deweese, M. | Random switching and optimal processing in the perception of ambiguous signals | 1995 | Physical Review Letters | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The optimal interpretation of noisy data is a compromise between the data and our prior expectations. In the case of ambiguous signals, like the Necker cube, trajectories of the optimal interpretation map to configurations of a random field Ising model. This analogy provides at least a qualitative account of several robust phenomena in human perception of ambiguous stimuli. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bialek1995,
author = {Bialek, William and Deweese, Michael},
title = {Random switching and optimal processing in the perception of ambiguous signals},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
year = {1995},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3077}
}
|
|||||
| Bisiach, E., Ricci, R., Lai, E., De Tanti, A. and Inzaghi, M.G. | Unilateral neglect and disambiguation of the Necker cube | 1999 | Brain | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Three groups of patients (right brain-damaged patients with or without left neglect, and left brain-damaged patients) and a group of healthy subjects, matched for age and educational level to the three groups of patients, were asked to report which of the two frontal surfaces of Necker cubes oriented in four different ways looked, at first sight, nearer to the viewer. The extent to which, and the way in which, disambiguation of the apparent perspective of Necker cubes occurred was found to vary across the four orientations and to be different in left-neglect patients compared with subjects of the other three groups. With normal subjects, the disambiguating factor is suggested to be a disposition to perceive the upper surface, which is nearly orthogonal to the frontal plane, as external to the cube. This would result from a navigation of the observer's spatial attention towards its target along a particular path that is altered in patients suffering from left neglect. It is suggested that comparison of the paths followed by the attentional vectors of normal subjects and left-neglect patients is potentially fruitful for a better understanding of the brain's normal mechanisms of spatial attention and of unresolved issues concerning the perception of the Necker cube. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bisiach1999,
author = {Bisiach, Edoardo and Ricci, Raffaella and Lai, Elena and De Tanti, Antonio and Inzaghi, Maria Grazia},
title = {Unilateral neglect and disambiguation of the Necker cube},
journal = {Brain},
year = {1999},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.1.131}
}
|
|||||
| Borresen, C.R. | Illusion reversal rate as a function of subjective depth | 1990 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Undergraduate students (N = 48) served as subjects in a test of Gregory's theory of illusions. Twenty-four students made judgments about the subjective depth of three reversible illusions--Necker cube, Book, and Pyramid--under the conditions of complete versus incomplete illusions and illusions without depth cues versus with depth cues. An additional 24 subjects recorded the three illusion reversal rates under slightly altered conditions. Differences were found among the various illusions with respect to complete versus incomplete illusions, reversal rate, subjective judgments of depth, and certain correlation values. Support for Gregory's theory of illusion as displaced or misleading depth perception is offered by these results. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Borresen1990,
author = {Borresen, C. Robert},
title = {Illusion reversal rate as a function of subjective depth},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1990},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1990.9917771}
}
|
|||||
| Borsellino, A., De Marco, A., Allazetta, A., Rinesi, S. and Bartolini, B. | Reversal time distribution in the perception of visual ambiguous stimuli | 1972 | Kybernetik | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Reversal of perspective for ambiguous optical stimuli (Necker cube, Schröder staircase, honeycomb) has been studied, determining the statistical distribution of time intervals spent on each percept. The experimental distributions can be fitted with the gamma function, characterized by two parameters n, b. The two parameters are not independent, showing a correlation rho = 0.74. Subsequent intervals appear to be largely independent; from the beta distribution for the fraction of time spent on a given percept, one can show that the subjects differ only in regard to the variance of this variable. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Borsellino1972,
author = {Borsellino, A. and De Marco, A. and Allazetta, A. and Rinesi, S. and Bartolini, B.},
title = {Reversal time distribution in the perception of visual ambiguous stimuli},
journal = {Kybernetik},
year = {1972},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00290512}
}
|
|||||
| Borsellino, A., Carlini, F., Riani, M., Tuccio, M.T., De Marco, A., Penengo, P. and Trabucco, A. | Effects of visual angle on perspective reversal for ambiguous patterns | 1982 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Reversal rates of an ambiguous figure (the Necker cube) were studied for different pattern sizes covering a range of visual angles theta from approximately 1 to 62 deg. A large number of reversals was obtained for each observer and each pattern in order to examine the statistical distributions of reversal times. A pronounced flattening of the statistical distributions (represented throughout by a gamma distribution) and a growth of the mean duration of each percept, with increasing pattern size was found. A plateau in the range of theta between 5 and 20-30 deg was observed. For larger values of theta two kinds of observers have been identified: for 'fast' observers the inversion rate is little affected by theta, whilst for 'slow' observers, the mean reversal time increases strongly with theta. A tentative model, based on three different contributions to the duration of the alternation process, is proposed: a constant term, independent of theta, and two terms dependent on theta--a retinal term, and a cortical one. The last term is interpreted as due to the spreading of excitation with the characteristic of a filling-in process. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Borsellino1982,
author = {Borsellino, A. and Carlini, F. and Riani, M. and Tuccio, M. T. and De Marco, A. and Penengo, P. and Trabucco, A.},
title = {Effects of visual angle on perspective reversal for ambiguous patterns},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1982},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p110263}
}
|
|||||
| Bradley, D.R. and Petry, H.M. | Organizational determinants of subjective contour: the subjective Necker cube. | 1977 | The American journal of psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: With specially arranged inducing elements on a white surface of uniform luminosity, a phenomenally complete Necker cube can be seen in any array where only the 'corners' of the cube are physically represented. The subjectively seen bars of the cube disappear when the inducing 'discs' are seen as 'holes' in an interposing surface, through which the corners of a partially occluded cube are viewed. Illusory brightness effects are also observed in connection with the different organizations of this ambiguous figure. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bradley1977,
author = {Bradley, D. R. and Petry, H. M.},
title = {Organizational determinants of subjective contour: the subjective Necker cube.},
journal = {The American journal of psychology},
year = {1977},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1422047}
}
|
|||||
| Brändas, E.J. | Molecular Foundation of Evolution | 2018 | Advances in Quantum Chemistry | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Darwinian evolution is reconsidered from a microscopic perspective commensurate with modern advanced molecular readings of our physical world and its mathematical structure. Fundamental biological processes in physical Complex Enough Systems, CES, are defined and analyzed. The material description contrives molecular events at precise temperatures and specific timescales reflecting a fundamental spatiotemporal character of a conceptual class of Correlated Dissipative Structures, CDS. The latter is subject to a higher-order statistical ensemble, the Correlated Dissipative Ensemble, CDE, reminding of Dawkins' notion of an evolution of evolvability. The ontological question is reviewed incorporating the material and the immaterial parts of Nature. The exposition integrates well-defined teleonomic processes, objectively governed by an evolved program, leading up to a self-referential hypothesis for molecular communication, Communication Simpliciter. The principal unit of selection is intrinsic to the molecular genetic level and proceeds toward an extended phenotype that implicates perception and cognition. It is explicitly proven that active and mirror neurons provide communication protocols for cellular recognition and networking. The paradox of upside-down vision is explained together with a basic and straightforward analysis of the Necker Cube and the Spinning Dancer illusions. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Brandas2018,
author = {Brändas, Erkki J.},
title = {Molecular Foundation of Evolution},
booktitle = {Advances in Quantum Chemistry},
year = {2018},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aiq.2018.06.008}
}
|
|||||
| Braun, J. and Pastukhov, A. | Further differences between positive and negative priming in the perception of ambiguous patterns | 2007 | The Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society | inproceedings | |
| Abstract: In repeated viewing of ambiguous patterns, perception is biased by positive and negative priming effects. In a companion abstract, we report that positive priming lasts 20-30 times longer than negative priming. Here, we exploit this difference to disentangle positive and negative priming by a given pattern. To establish generality, we compare five kinds of patterns (kinetic-depth-effect or KDE, two instances of binocular rivalry, Necker cube, Anstis dots). Nine observers participated. For all kinds of ambiguous patterns, an unambiguous version negatively primes the ambiguous pattern: the two are rarely perceived in the same way (Psurvival ?�� 0), if no pause intervenes. When a pause is introduced, negative priming is no longer evident (Psurvival ?�� 0.5). When a pause separates two ambiguous patterns, positive priming is found in all cases (Psurvival ?�� 1.0). Thus, only ambiguous patterns appear to leave a "perceptual memory" which may bias subsequent perceptions. To further study this particularity of ambiguous patterns, we generated KDE patterns with varying degrees of 'bias' for one percept or another (quantified separately for each observer). The dominance fraction under continuous viewing served as a measure (50% for unbiased and 100% for completely biased). Next, we asked how a biased pattern ("prime") affects perception of a subsequent ambiguous pattern ("probe")? With no pause between probe and prime, negative priming (Psurvival ?�� 0) gradually gives way to positive priming (Psurvival ?�� 1.0) as prime bias decreases. When a pause between probe and prime allows negative priming decay, statistically identical positive priming (Psurvival textgreater 0.5) obtains for prime bias 50% to 97%. No priming (Psurvival ?�� 0.5) occurs for 100% bias (unambiguous KDE). We conclude that ambiguous patterns engage additional levels of processing where they leave a "perceptual memory". Unambiguous patterns do not engage these levels and leave no "memory". | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Braun2007,
author = {Braun, Jochen and Pastukhov, Alexander},
title = {Further differences between positive and negative priming in the perception of ambiguous patterns},
booktitle = {The Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society},
year = {2007}
}
|
|||||
| Brigner, W.L. and Deni, J.R. | Attenuating Necker cube depth reversals | 1992 | Perceptual & Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Rapid, apparent, to-and-fro (right-left) rotation of the Necker cube sharply reduced reversals in depth for 10 undergraduates. This finding was considered consistent with the satiation theory of Necker cube reversals. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Brigner1992,
author = {Brigner, Willard L and Deni, James R},
title = {Attenuating Necker cube depth reversals},
journal = {Perceptual & Motor Skills},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.845}
}
|
|||||
| Britz, J., Britz, J., Landis, T., Landis, T., Michel, C.M. and Michel, C.M. | Right parietal brain activity precedes perceptual alternation of bistable stimuli. | 2009 | Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Momentary fluctuations of baseline activity have been shown to influence responses to sensory stimulation both behaviorally and neurophysiologically. This suggests that perceptual awareness does not solely arise from physical stimulus properties. Here we studied whether the momentary state of the brain immediately before stimulus presentation indicates how a physically unique but perceptually ambiguous stimulus will be perceived. A complex Necker cube was intermittently presented and subjects indicated whether their perception changed with respect to the preceding presentation. EEG was recorded from 256 channels. The prestimulus brain-state was defined as the spatial configuration of the scalp potential map within the 50 ms before stimulus arrival, representing the sum of all momentary ongoing brain processes. Two maps were found that doubly dissociated perceptual reversals from perceptual stability. For EEG sweeps classified as either map, distributed inverse solutions were computed and statistically compared. This yielded activity confined to a region in right inferior parietal cortex that was significantly more active before a perceptual reversal. In contrast, no significant topographic differences of the evoked potentials elicited by stable vs. reversed Necker cubes were found. This indicates that prestimulus activity in right inferior parietal cortex is associated with the perceptual change. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Britz2009,
author = {Britz, Juliane and Britz, Juliane and Landis, Theodor and Landis, Theodor and Michel, Christoph M and Michel, Christoph M},
title = {Right parietal brain activity precedes perceptual alternation of bistable stimuli.},
journal = {Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn056}
}
|
|||||
| Britz, J., Pitts, M.A. and Michel, C.M. | Right parietal brain activity precedes perceptual alternation during binocular rivalry | 2011 | Human Brain Mapping | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Momentary fluctuations of baseline activity have been shown to influence responses to sensory stimulation both behaviorally and neurophysiologically. This suggests that perceptual awareness does not solely arise from physical stimulus properties. Here we studied whether the momentary state of the brain immediately before stimulus presentation indicates how a physically unique but perceptually ambiguous stimulus will be perceived. A complex Necker cube was intermittently presented and subjects indicated whether their perception changed with respect to the preceding presentation. EEG was recorded from 256 channels. The prestimulus brain-state was defined as the spatial configuration of the scalp potential map within the 50 ms before stimulus arrival, representing the sum of all momentary ongoing brain processes. Two maps were found that doubly dissociated perceptual reversals from perceptual stability. For EEG sweeps classified as either map, distributed inverse solutions were computed and statistically compared. This yielded activity confined to a region in right inferior parietal cortex that was significantly more active before a perceptual reversal. In contrast, no significant topographic differences of the evoked potentials elicited by stable vs. reversed Necker cubes were found. This indicates that prestimulus activity in right inferior parietal cortex is associated with the perceptual change. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Britz2011,
author = {Britz, Juliane and Pitts, Michael A. and Michel, Christoph M.},
title = {Right parietal brain activity precedes perceptual alternation during binocular rivalry},
journal = {Human Brain Mapping},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21117}
}
|
|||||
| Bruno, N. | Unifying sequential effects in perceptual grouping | 2005 | Trends in Cognitive Sciences | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Temporally-extended perception involves a delicate balance of constancy and change. 'This can be seen, for instance, when viewing bistable figures such as the Necker cube. A recent study by Gepshtein and Kubovy of sequential effects in multistable dot lattices demonstrates constancy and change within the same set of data. They propose that these opposing trends might be explained by the same single factor: a persistent random orientation bias that is intrinsic to brain activity. This proposal could form the basis for a new account of multistability. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Bruno2005,
author = {Bruno, Nicola},
title = {Unifying sequential effects in perceptual grouping},
booktitle = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.001}
}
|
|||||
| Bruno, N., Jacomuzzi, A., Bertamini, M. and Meyer, G. | A visual-haptic Necker cube reveals temporal constraints on intersensory merging during perceptual exploration | 2007 | Neuropsychologia | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When viewing a three-dimensional Necker cube with one eye, participants can experience illusory reversals even while they feel the cube with their hands. This surprising property of the visual-haptic Necker cube affords a unique opportunity to investigate temporal constraints on interactions between vision and touch during extended observation of a three-dimensional object. Our observers reported reversals while they viewed the cube and, at the same time, they either held it with two-finger grips, felt it with while their hands remained stationary, or actively explored it by moving one hand. Consistent with a multisensory approach to three-dimensional form perception, touch had a clear effect on both the number and the duration of illusory percepts. Additionally, when observers alternated between stationary and moving periods during exploration, transitions from stationary to moving-hand haptics played a crucial role in inhibiting illusory reversals. A temporal analysis of the probability of first reversals occurring after different types of motor transition revealed a "vetoing window" initiating approximately 2 s after the transition and lasting at least another 1-2 s. Implications for multisensory processes during exploration are discussed. textcopyright 2006. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bruno2007,
author = {Bruno, Nicola and Jacomuzzi, Alessandra and Bertamini, Marco and Meyer, Georg},
title = {A visual-haptic Necker cube reveals temporal constraints on intersensory merging during perceptual exploration},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.032}
}
|
|||||
| Bülthoff, H., Götz, K.G. and Herre, M. | Recurrent inversion of visual orientation in the walking fly, Drosophila melanogaster | 1982 | Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Movement-induced visual orientation in flies depends largely upon predictable responses which establish simple "optomotor balance" or complex "pseudo search" in the appropriate visual environment. Less conspicuous course diverting spontaneous actions of the flies become important in pattern-induced visual orientation. The ap- parently stochastic spontaneous actions of the housefly Musca domestica still allow powerful probabilistic predictions of orientation during stationary flight (Reichardt and Poggio 1981). The predominance of non-stochastic spontaneous ac- tions such as "body saccades", focussing and shift of "visual attention", plasticity of response com- ponents etc. in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster (Heisenberg and Wolf 1979-1980) accounts for complementary behavioural options which reduce the relevance of probabilistic predictions of orien- tation in this fly. The conjecture of "complementary options" is based on a striking antagonism between orientation towards a visual object (fixation), and orientation in the opposite direction (anti-fixation), in the walking fly. Forced choice in a multiple-Y-maze quite definitely elicits fixation in the wild type, and anti- fixation in the "optomotor blind" mutant omb H3˜ (Fig. 3). However, these effects cannot be attributed to a continuous predominance of attraction in the wild type and repellence in the mutant. This is shown under comparable conditions of free choice in an arena: The flies of either strain alternate between fixation and anti-fixation o f an inaccessible visual object (Fig. 4a), and keep running to and fro between two of these objects in "Buridan's para- digm" (Fig. 4b, c), even if the objects are not alike (Fig. 4d). The sequence of approach, retreat and transition may be repeated a few thousand times to the point of exhaustion (Fig. 5). The process resembles the recurrent alternation of ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube in human per- ception. The recurrent transition between com- petitive objects counteracts the accumulation of spontaneous preferences, and is likely to explain the apparent lack of pattern-discrimination under operant and non-operant conditions of continued free choice in Drosophila. The conspicuous di- chotomy of fixation and anti-fixation in the same environment is, as yet, incompatible with the phenomenological theory of visually controlled orientation in larger flies. Introduction. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Bulthoff1982,
author = {Bülthoff, Heinrich and Götz, Karl G. and Herre, Manfred},
title = {Recurrent inversion of visual orientation in the walking fly, Drosophila melanogaster},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A},
year = {1982},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00619785}
}
|
|||||
| Camp, C.J., Markley, R.P. and Danielson, J. | Necker cube reversals in young, middle-aged, and elderly females. | 1982 | Perceptual and motor skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: This research dealt with the reversing Necker cube illusion and its relationship to age in healthy, community-dwelling female adults. 36 respondents representing three age groups (20-39, 40-59, and 61-80 yr.) were tested. Age was unrelated to experiencing the Necker cube illusion contrary to predictions based on previous research and stimulus persistence theory. The role of sampling effects in gerontological research outcomes is discussed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Camp1982,
author = {Camp, C J and Markley, R P and Danielson, J},
title = {Necker cube reversals in young, middle-aged, and elderly females.},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
year = {1982},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.54.3c.1215}
}
|
|||||
| Cao, Y. and Grossberg, S. | How the venetian blind percept emerges from the laminar cortical dynamics of 3D vision | 2014 | Frontiers in Psychology | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: The 3D LAMINART model of 3D vision and figure-ground perception is used to explain and simulate a key example of the Venetian blind effect and to show how it is related to other well-known perceptual phenomena such as Panum's limiting case. The model proposes howlateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and hierarchically organized laminar circuits in cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 interact to control processes of 3D boundary formation and surface filling-in that simulate many properties of 3D vision percepts, notably consciously seen surface percepts, which are predicted to arise when filled-in surface representations are integrated into surface-shroud resonances between visual and parietal cortex. Interactions between layers 4, 3B, and 2/3 in V1 and V2 carry out stereopsis and 3D boundary formation. Both binocular and monocular information combine to form 3D boundary and surface representations. Surface contour surface-to-boundary feedback from V2 thin stripes to V2 pale stripes combines computationally complementary boundary and surface formation properties, leading to a single consistent percept, while also eliminating redundant 3D boundaries, and triggering figure-ground perception. False binocular boundary matches are eliminated by Gestalt grouping properties during boundary formation. In particular, a disparity filter, which helps to solve the Correspondence Problem by eliminating false matches, is predicted to be realized as part of the boundary grouping process in layer 2/3 of cortical area V2. The model has been used to simulate the consciously seen 3D surface percepts in 18 psychophysical experiments. These percepts include the Venetian blind effect, Panum's limiting case, contrast variations of dichoptic masking and the correspondence problem, the effect of interocular contrast differences on stereoacuity, stereopsis with polarity-reversed stereograms, da Vinci stereopsis, and perceptual closure. These model mechanisms have also simulated properties of 3D neon color spreading, binocular rivalry, 3D Necker cube, and many examples of 3D figure-ground separation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Cao2014,
author = {Cao, Yongqiang and Grossberg, Stephen},
title = {How the venetian blind percept emerges from the laminar cortical dynamics of 3D vision},
booktitle = {Frontiers in Psychology},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00694}
}
|
|||||
| Cao, T., Wang, L., Sun, Z., Engel, S.A. and He, S. | The independent and shared mechanisms of intrinsic brain dynamics: Insights from bistable perception | 2018 | Frontiers in Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In bistable perception, constant input leads to alternating perception. The dynamics of the changing perception reflects the intrinsic dynamic properties of the �unconscious inferential' process in the brain. Under the same condition, individuals differ in how fast they experience the perceptual alternation. In this study, testing many forms of bistable perception in a large number of observers, we investigated the key question of whether there is a general and common mechanism or multiple and independent mechanisms that control the dynamics of the inferential brain. Bistable phenomena tested include binocular rivalry, vase-face, Necker cube, moving plaid, motion induced blindness, biological motion, spinning dancer, rotating cylinder, Lissajous-figure, rolling wheel, and translating diamond. Switching dynamics for each bistable percept was measured in 100 observers. Results show that the switching rates of subsets of bistable percept are highly correlated. The clustering of dynamic properties of some bistable phenomena but not an overall general control of switching dynamics implies that the brain's inferential processes are both shared and independent � faster in constructing 3D structure from motion does not mean faster in integrating components into an objects. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Cao2018,
author = {Cao, Teng and Wang, Lan and Sun, Zhouyuan and Engel, Stephen A. and He, Sheng},
title = {The independent and shared mechanisms of intrinsic brain dynamics: Insights from bistable perception},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
year = {2018},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00589}
}
|
|||||
| Charoenkitkarn, V., Kasemkitwattana, S., Therrien, B., Thosingha, O. and Vorapongsathorn, T. | Cognitive performance after a transiet ischemic attack: attention, working memory, and learning and memory | 2009 | Thai Journal of Nursing Research | article | |
| Abstract: This prospective study aimed to explore the three main areas of cognitive function (attention; working memory; and, learning and memory) among individuals who had experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA). Convenience sampling was used to recruit 52 individuals, who had experienced a TIA, from outpatient and emergency departments in three tertiary hospitals, in Bangkok, and one tertiary hospital in Ayutthaya province, Thailand; as well as 52 persons, who had experienced minor surgery and served as matched control subjects, from the outpatient department at a tertiary hospital in Thailand. Subjects were assessed, 3, 10 and 30 days after experiencing a TIA or having minor surgery, using the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test, Trial Making A Test, Digit Span Forward and Backward Test, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Irritability Assessment Scale, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. A repeated-measures-within-and-across-subjects design was used to analyze the results. Findings indicate that those who had a TrA continued to experience attention, working memory, and learning and memory changes, but not irritability changes, for over 30 days after symptom occurrence. Three days after symptom occurrence, those who had a T/A showed less ability in the 3 main cognitive performances than did the control group. Their performance ability became worse at day 10, but improved at day 30. All performances among those with a TIA were lower than the control group, at all three time points. Thus, nurses should be concerned about the cognitive ability of those who have had a TIA, as well as their respective families, and provide information to both about the effects of a TIA, particularly 10 days after symptom occurrence. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Charoenkitkarn2009,
author = {Charoenkitkarn, V and Kasemkitwattana, S and Therrien, B and Thosingha, O and Vorapongsathorn, T},
title = {Cognitive performance after a transiet ischemic attack: attention, working memory, and learning and memory},
journal = {Thai Journal of Nursing Research},
year = {2009}
}
|
|||||
| Clément, G. and Demel, M. | Perceptual reversal of bi-stable figures in microgravity and hypergravity during parabolic flight | 2012 | Neuroscience Letters | article | DOI |
| Abstract: This experiment investigated whether the perception of depth-reversible figures is altered when the observer is in microgravity or hypergravity. A set of five bi-stable ambiguous figures was presented to ten participants in 1. g, 0. g, and 1.8. g during parabolic flight. The figures included static images such as the Necker cube; kinetic depth displays such as a moving plaid and a sphere cluster of moving dots appearing to rotate in one of two directions; and a silhouette photograph. For each stimulus figure, subjects reported which of the two possible perceptual configurations they saw first and then continuously indicated when perceptual reversals occurred for durations ranging from 20 to 30. s. The same first percept was reported in 1. g, 0. g, and 1.8. g. The time delay for the first reversal between the two possible image interpretations was longer and the number of reversals was fewer in 0. g as compared to 1. g for four of the five figures. The opposite effects were seen when going from 0. g to 1.8. g. These findings confirm that, consistent with a multisensory approach to three-dimensional form perception, gravity has a clear effect on the interpretation of depth-based stimuli and this gravity-based component interferes with visual perception stability. textcopyright 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Clement2012,
author = {Clément, Gilles and Demel, Michael},
title = {Perceptual reversal of bi-stable figures in microgravity and hypergravity during parabolic flight},
journal = {Neuroscience Letters},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.006}
}
|
|||||
| Cohen, L. | Perception of Reversible Figures After Brain Injury | 1959 | Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 54 nonhospitalized war veterans with penetrating missile wounds (unilateral or bilateral in placements) of the various lobes of the brain and 21 veterans with peripheral nerve injuries were individually instructed to fixate a small horizontal bar on the vertical border shared by 2 Necker cubes. "They were asked to respond to shifts in apparent perspective." 3 sizes of the double cube were used in a counter-balanced practice order. The data were analyzed by 3 series of 3-factor analyses of variance. Major findings indicated that "bilateral frontal lesion led to a significant increase of reversal rate, while unilateral frontal lesions produced a significantly decreased reversal rate. Nonfrontal lesions, unilateral as well as bilateral, caused a significant but smaller reduction in total reversals." Thus, figure reversal has not here been found to comprise a "frontal lobe sign" as posited by earlier students. Ss with right-hemisphere injury were also found to report fewer reversals than did Ss with left-hemisphere injury. These and other findings are discussed as to possible mediating mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Cohen1959,
author = {Cohen, Leon},
title = {Perception of Reversible Figures After Brain Injury},
journal = {Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry},
year = {1959},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340180099013}
}
|
|||||
| Cormack, R.H. and Upchurch, R.L. | Necker cube reversibility and perspective dominance as a function of rotation and retinal disparity [BibTeX] |
1969 | Psychonomic Science | article | DOI |
BibTeX:
@article{Cormack1969,
author = {Cormack, Robert H. and Upchurch, Richard L.},
title = {Necker cube reversibility and perspective dominance as a function of rotation and retinal disparity},
journal = {Psychonomic Science},
year = {1969},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03336312}
}
|
|||||
| Corning, P.A. | Rotating the Necker cube: A bioeconomic approach to cooperation and the causal role of synergy in evolution | 2013 | Journal of Bioeconomics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The paradox of widespread cooperation in an intensely competitive natural world has been a major focus of theory and research in evolutionary biology and related disciplines over the past several decades. While much of the earlier work in this vein was gene-centered and grounded in inclusive fitness (or kin selection) theory, more recent developments suggest that it might also be useful to view cooperation (and biological complexity) from a bioeconomic perspective. Here I will briefly explore the case for a paradigm shift, with special reference to the role of functional synergy as a distinct class of interdependent causal influences in evolution. I will argue that synergies of various kinds have been important drivers for cooperation in living systems at all levels. From this perspective, inclusive fitness and other factors may be enablers for cooperation, but the many exceptions show that genetic relatedness is neither necessary nor sufficient for the emergence of cooperative phenomena. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Corning2013,
author = {Corning, Peter A.},
title = {Rotating the Necker cube: A bioeconomic approach to cooperation and the causal role of synergy in evolution},
journal = {Journal of Bioeconomics},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10818-012-9142-4}
}
|
|||||
| Cornwell, H.G. | Necker cube reversal: sensory or psychological satiation? | 1976 | Perceptual and motor skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 24 students, 5 male and 19 female, were used in a repeated-measures factorial design to test two theories of Necker cube reversal. It was hypothesized that cubes with complete contours and high figure-ground contrast would reverse at faster rates than cubes with incomplete contours and low contrast if a sensory satiation theory (Kohler & Wallach, 1944) is valid, but at the same rate if the satiation of an orientation theory (Orbach, Ehrlich, & Health, 1963) is correct. High contrast was achieved with black contours on white grounds and vice versa, low contrast with gray contours on black and white grounds. Cubes with complete contours, and stimuli in which only the eight corners of the cube were visible through 18-mm holes superimposed upon the complete cube, provided the contour variable. The results showed a higher reversal rate for cubes with complete contours but no contrast effect. The results were interpreted as supporting a sensory satiation theory. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Cornwell1976,
author = {Cornwell, H G},
title = {Necker cube reversal: sensory or psychological satiation?},
journal = {Perceptual and motor skills},
year = {1976},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1976.43.1.3}
}
|
|||||
| Crawford, H.J., Brown, A.M. and Moon, C.E. | Sustained Attentional and Disattentional Abilities: Differences Between Low and Highly Hypnotizable Persons | 1993 | Journal of Abnormal Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Relations between sustained attentional and disattentional abilities and hypnotic susceptibility (Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A; Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C) were examined in 38 low (0-3) and 39 highly (10-12) hypnotizable college students. Highs showed greater sustained attention on Necker cube and autokinetic movement tasks and self-reported greater absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale) and extremely focused attentional (Differential Attentional Processes Inventory) styles. Hypnotizability was unrelated to dichotic selective attention (A. Karlin, 1979) and random number generation (C. Graham & F. J. Evans, 1977) tasks. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 74% of the lows and 69% of the highs. Results support H. J. Crawford and J. H. Gruzelier's (1992) neuropsychophysiological model of hypnosis that proposes that highly hypnotizable persons have a more efficient far frontolimbic sustained attentional and disattentional system. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Crawford1993,
author = {Crawford, Helen J. and Brown, Audrey M. and Moon, Charles E.},
title = {Sustained Attentional and Disattentional Abilities: Differences Between Low and Highly Hypnotizable Persons},
journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
year = {1993},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.4.534}
}
|
|||||
| D'Agata, G. and Gaffuri, G. | La percezione del cambiamento di prospettiva di una figura ambigua nella schizophrenia | 1968 | Neuropsichiatria | article | |
| Abstract: Discusses the rate of occurring change of continuous inspection ofbackslashna reversible figure (the necker cube) in 3 groups of patients: 54backslashnanxious, 50 depressive, and 25 normals. Each patient in groups 1backslashnand 2 was examined at admission and after treatment, upon improvementbackslashnof the clinical picture. Before treatment, the average pattern reversalbackslashnrate (prr) in group 1 was 41.6 in 2 min. The average prr in groupbackslashn2 was 9.5; in group 3 it was 25.3. Differences among average ratesbackslashnwere highly significant (p textless .001). After treatment the averagebackslashnprr in group 1 was 26.7 in 2 min., in group 2, 24.3. These differencesbackslashnwere not statistically significant. The difference between the averagebackslashnprrs in groups 1 and 2 before and after treatment was highly significantbackslashn(p textless .001). The findings seem to be related to different levelsbackslashnof arousal and attention as well as ocular motility in anxiety andbackslashnin depression. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{DAgata1968,
author = {D'Agata, G and Gaffuri, G},
title = {La percezione del cambiamento di prospettiva di una figura ambigua nella schizophrenia},
journal = {Neuropsichiatria},
year = {1968}
}
|
|||||
| Dalseth, N., Reed, R.S., Hennessy, M., Eisenberg, M.M. and Blank, M.B. | Does Diagnosis Make a Difference? Estimating the Impact of an HIV Medication Adherence Intervention for Persons with Serious Mental Illness | 2018 | AIDS and Behavior | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In multi-stable perception, past dominance of one appearance facilitates renewed dominance of the same appearance, especially after long (textgreater10 s) blank intervals [Pastukhov et al, 2008 J Vis 8(13):7, 1-14]. After similarly long blank intervals, a low-contrast prime facilitates the subsequent detection of the same stimulus [Tanaka and Sagi, 1998 PNAS 92(21) 12729-12733]. Might these effects of high-contrast (HC) primes on multi-stable appearance and of low-contrast (LC) primes on threshold perception be related? We manipulated the ambiguity of HC primes by varying the strength of the perceptually suppressed parts. The priming effect of HC stimuli (binocular rivalry, Necker cube, kinetic-depth effect) depended on their ambiguity and disappeared for unambiguous HC primes. Intriguingly, low contrast restored the effect of an unambiguous prime on multi-stable appearance: indeed, priming strength was inversely related to contrast. In a separate series of experiments, we found that ambiguous HC primes facilitated threshold perception, just as unambiguous LC primes did. In summary, both ambiguous HC and unambiguous LC stimuli induce a novel type of perceptual memory (which is neither iconic nor visual short-term memory) and which in turn facilitates both multistable dominance and threshold perception. Surprisingly, this type of memory seems to play a pervasive role in visual perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Dalseth2018,
author = {Dalseth, Natasha and Reed, Regina Szucs and Hennessy, Michael and Eisenberg, Marlene M. and Blank, Michael B.},
title = {Does Diagnosis Make a Difference? Estimating the Impact of an HIV Medication Adherence Intervention for Persons with Serious Mental Illness},
journal = {AIDS and Behavior},
year = {2018},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1795-5}
}
|
|||||
| de Lussanet, M.H.E. and Lappe, M. | Bistable alternation of point-light biological motion | 2011 | Cogn. Dynamics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The facing-in-depth of point-light biological motion is ambiguous: the frontal and back view look the same. However, since earlier
studies found a very strong perceptual bias in point-light biological mtion, it is unknown whether it evokes an alternating (bistable) percept. In the present study, naive, untrained observers viewed point-light stimuli in half-profile view. All participants experienced spontaneous flipping of the orientation-in-depth, both for biological motion and necker cube displays. The number of perceptual flips was lower for the rocking cube than for the static one; and higher for biological motion than for rocking cubes. Contrary to earlier findings the participants did not have a perceptual bias. We conclude that ambiguous biological motion does evoke a bistable percept. |
|||||
BibTeX:
@article{DeLussanet2011,
author = {de Lussanet, Marc H E and Lappe, Markus},
title = {Bistable alternation of point-light biological motion},
journal = {Cogn. Dynamics},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9695-1_66}
}
|
|||||
| Díaz-Santos, M., Cao, B., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Norton, D.J., Neargarder, S. and Cronin-Golomb, A. | Perceptual, cognitive, and personality rigidity in Parkinson's disease | 2015 | Neuropsychologia | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor and non-motor rigidity symptoms (e.g., cognitive and personality). The question is raised as to whether rigidity in PD also extends to perception, and if so, whether perceptual, cognitive, and personality rigidities are correlated. Bistable stimuli were presented to 28 non-demented individuals with PD and 26 normal control adults (NC). Necker cube perception and binocular rivalry were examined during passive viewing, and the Necker cube was additionally used for two volitional-control conditions: Hold one percept in front, and Switch between the two percepts. Relative to passive viewing, PD were significantly less able than NC to reduce dominance durations in the Switch condition, indicating perceptual rigidity. Tests of cognitive flexibility and a personality questionnaire were administered to explore the association with perceptual rigidity. Cognitive flexibility was not correlated with perceptual rigidity for either group. Personality (novelty seeking) correlated with dominance durations on Necker passive viewing for PD but not NC. The results indicate the presence in mild-moderate PD of perceptual rigidity and suggest shared neural substrates with novelty seeking, but functional divergence from those supporting cognitive flexibility. The possibility is raised that perceptual rigidity may be a harbinger of cognitive inflexibility later in the disease course. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Diaz-Santos2015,
author = {Díaz-Santos, Mirella and Cao, Bo and Yazdanbakhsh, Arash and Norton, Daniel J. and Neargarder, Sandy and Cronin-Golomb, Alice},
title = {Perceptual, cognitive, and personality rigidity in Parkinson's disease},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.044}
}
|
|||||
| Díaz-Santos, M., Cao, B., Mauro, S.A., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Neargarder, S. and Cronin-Golomb, A. | Effect of Visual Cues on the Resolution of Perceptual Ambiguity in Parkinson's Disease and Normal Aging | 2015 | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society | article | DOI |
| Abstract: textlessptextgreater Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal aging have been associated with changes in visual perception, including reliance on external cues to guide behavior. This raises the question of the extent to which these groups use visual cues when disambiguating information. Twenty-seven individuals with PD, 23 normal control adults (NC), and 20 younger adults (YA) were presented a Necker cube in which one face was highlighted by thickening the lines defining the face. The hypothesis was that the visual cues would help PD and NC to exert better control over bistable perception. There were three conditions, including passive viewing and two volitional-control conditions ( textlessitalictextgreaterholdtextless/italictextgreater one percept in front; and textlessitalictextgreaterswitch:textless/italictextgreater speed up the alternation between the two). In the textlessitalictextgreaterHoldtextless/italictextgreater condition, the cue was either consistent or inconsistent with task instructions. Mean dominance durations (time spent on each percept) under passive viewing were comparable in PD and NC, and shorter in YA. PD and YA increased dominance durations in the textlessitalictextgreaterHoldtextless/italictextgreater cue-consistent condition relative to NC, meaning that appropriate cues helped PD but not NC hold one perceptual interpretation. By contrast, in the textlessitalictextgreaterSwitchtextless/italictextgreater condition, NC and YA decreased dominance durations relative to PD, meaning that the use of cues helped NC but not PD in expediting the switch between percepts. Provision of low-level cues has effects on volitional control in PD that are different from in normal aging, and only under task-specific conditions does the use of such cues facilitate the resolution of perceptual ambiguity. ( textlessitalictextgreaterJINStextless/italictextgreater , 2015, textlessitalictextgreater21textless/italictextgreater , 146�155) textless/ptextgreater | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Diaz-Santos2015c,
author = {Díaz-Santos, Mirella and Cao, Bo and Mauro, Samantha A. and Yazdanbakhsh, Arash and Neargarder, Sandy and Cronin-Golomb, Alice},
title = {Effect of Visual Cues on the Resolution of Perceptual Ambiguity in Parkinson's Disease and Normal Aging},
journal = {Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000065}
}
|
|||||
| Díaz-Santos, M., Mauro, S., Cao, B., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Neargarder, S. and Cronin-Golomb, A. | Bistable perception in normal aging: perceptual reversibility and its relation to cognition | 2017 | Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The effects of age on the ability to resolve perceptual ambiguity are unknown, though it depends on frontoparietal attentional networks known to change with age. We presented the bistable Necker cube to 24 middle-aged and OAs (older adults; 56-78 years) and 20 YAs (younger adults; 18-24 years) under passive-viewing and volitional control conditions: Hold one cube percept and Switch between cube percepts. During passive viewing, OAs had longer dominance durations (time spent on each percept) than YAs. In the Hold condition, OAs were less able than YAs to increase dominance durations. In the Switch condition, OAs and YAs did not differ in performance. Dominance durations in either condition correlated with performance on tests of executive function mediated by the frontal lobes. Eye movements (fixation deviations) did not differ between groups. These results suggest that OAs' reduced ability to hold a percept may arise from reduced selective attention. The lack of correlation of performance between Hold and executive-function measures suggests at least a partial segregation of underlying mechanisms. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Diaz-Santos2017,
author = {Díaz-Santos, Mirella and Mauro, Samantha and Cao, Bo and Yazdanbakhsh, Arash and Neargarder, Sandy and Cronin-Golomb, Alice},
title = {Bistable perception in normal aging: perceptual reversibility and its relation to cognition},
journal = {Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1173646}
}
|
|||||
| Donzelli, G.P., Vecchi, C., Poggini, G., Galvan, P. and Frusconi, R. | The trace elements iron, copper and zinc in Tanzanian women during pregnancy. Comparative study with a group of Italians | 1979 | Bollettino della Società italiana di biologia sperimentale | article | |
| Abstract: Normally we experience the visual world as stable. Ambiguous figures provide a fascinating exception: On prolonged inspection, the "Necker cube" undergoes a sudden, unavoidable reversal of its perceived front-back orientation. What happens in the brain when spontaneously switching between these equally likely interpretations? Does neural processing differ between an endogenously perceived reversal of a physically unchanged ambiguous stimulus and an exogenously caused reversal of an unambiguous stimulus? A refined EEG paradigm to measure such endogenous events uncovered an early electrophysiological correlate of this spontaneous reversal, a negativity beginning at 160 ms. Comparing across nine electrode locations suggests that this component originates in early visual areas. An EEG component of similar shape and scalp distribution, but 50 ms earlier, was evoked by an external reversal of unambiguous figures. Perceptual disambiguation seems to be accomplished by the same structures that represent objects per se, and to occur early in the visual stream. This suggests that low-level mechanisms play a crucial role in resolving perceptual ambiguity. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Donzelli1979,
author = {Donzelli, G P and Vecchi, C and Poggini, G and Galvan, P and Frusconi, R},
title = {The trace elements iron, copper and zinc in Tanzanian women during pregnancy. Comparative study with a group of Italians},
journal = {Bollettino della Società italiana di biologia sperimentale},
year = {1979}
}
|
|||||
| Dosher, B.A., Sperling, G. and Wurst, S.A. | Tradeoffs between stereopsis and proximity luminance covariance as determinants of perceived 3D structure | 1986 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A 2D polar projection of a 3D wire cube (Necker cube) in clockwise rotation can be perceived either veridically as a clockwise-rotating cube (rigid percept) or as a counterclockwise-rotating rubbery, truncated pyramid (nonrigid percept). The 3D percept is influenced by various cues: linear perspective, stereo disparity, and proximity-luminance covariance (PLC, the intensification of edges in proportion to their proximity to the observer). Perspective, by itself or in combination, is a very weak cue whereas PLC is a powerful cue [Schwartz and Sperling (1983) Bull. Psychon. Soc. 21, 456-458]. Here we determined psychometric functions for perceptual resolution in static displays and dynamic rotating displays (with and without a static preview) as determined by stereopsis and PLC in isolation and with both cues jointly, possibly in conflict. Stereopsis was the dominant cue in static displays and in most dynamic displays. When a static display preceded a dynamic display, it strongly influenced the subsequent dynamic percept. Perceptual resolution in all conditions was accurately described by a winner-take-all model in which the strength of evidence for each percept from different cues is simply algebraically added. textcopyright 1986. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Dosher1986,
author = {Dosher, Barbara Anne and Sperling, George and Wurst, Stephen A.},
title = {Tradeoffs between stereopsis and proximity luminance covariance as determinants of perceived 3D structure},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {1986},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(86)90154-9}
}
|
|||||
| Einhäuser, W., Martin, K.A. and König, P. | Are switches in perception of the Necker cube related to eye position? | 2004 | European Journal of Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The issue of the relation of eye position to perceptual reversals of the ambiguous figure of the 'Necker cube' dates back to Necker's original article [L.A. Necker (1832) The London & Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1, 329-337]. Despite the investigations of many distinguished psychophysicists since then, the question of whether perceptual switching is a cause or a consequence of associated changes in eye position has remained a matter of debate. In the present study we overcame methodological problems that have bedevilled many previous studies. We avoided any instruction that could interfere with the human subjects' free viewing of the Necker cube, tracked the eye position precisely and used biased versions of the cube that produced unambiguous percepts to determine how each subject actually looked at the cube. We show that, under these free-viewing conditions, there is a close link between the perception of the Necker cube and eye position. The average eye position of most subjects is at an extreme value at about the time when the subject's perception switches. From the biased cube trials we can infer that the polarity of the extreme corresponds to the percept which the subject had before the switch. These data indicate a bidirectional coupling between eye position and perceptual switching so that, after a subject's perceptual state changes, their eye position shifts to view the newly established percept. When the eye position approaches the corresponding extreme, the percept, in turn, becomes more and more likely to switch. This result suggests that the changed eye position itself might provide a negative feedback signal that suppresses the percept. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Einhauser2004,
author = {Einhäuser, Wolfgang and Martin, Kevan A.C. and König, Peter},
title = {Are switches in perception of the Necker cube related to eye position?},
journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03722.x}
}
|
|||||
| Elbert, T., Hommel, J. and Lutzenberger, W. | The perception of Necker cube reversal interacts with the Bereitschaftspotential | 1985 | International Journal of Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Subjects observed a reversible figure (Necker cube), and were asked to switch a lever about twice a minute. The direction of the lever switch indicated whether a reversal of the Necker cube was just experienced or not experienced. The Bereitschaftspotential (BP, readiness potential) turned out to be smaller in amplitude but earlier in onset prior to the reversal, especially over fronto-central regions. During another condition a tonic background stimulation (achieved by a radio-play) was introduced. Distraction reduced the BP, mainly when no reversal was reported. The results suggest a dependency of pre-movement potentials from non-motoric, psychological variables. textcopyright 1985. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Elbert1985,
author = {Elbert, Thomas and Hommel, Jutta and Lutzenberger, Werner},
title = {The perception of Necker cube reversal interacts with the Bereitschaftspotential},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(85)90013-3}
}
|
|||||
| Ellis, S.R. and Stark, L. | Eye movements during the viewing of Necker cubes | 1978 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Eye movements were recorded while subjects viewed a Kopfermann-like series of Necker cubes and signaled perceptual reversals. At the instant of reversal, subjects tend to fixate the vicinity of the externally appearing corner. These fixations at the instant of reversal tend to have longer duration than those immediately before or after. The longer fixation times associated with pperceptual reversal probably reflect the time required to construct the alternate three-dimensional interpretation of the cube. After construction of this new model, the subject then fixates the vicinity of the newly interpreted externally appearing corner. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ellis1978,
author = {Ellis, S. R. and Stark, L.},
title = {Eye movements during the viewing of Necker cubes},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1978},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p070575}
}
|
|||||
| Elman, I., Chi, W.H., Gurvits, T.V., Ryan, E.T., Lasko, N.B., Lukas, S.E. and Pitman, R.K. | Impaired Reproduction of Three-Dimensional Objects by Cocaine-Dependent Subjects | 2008 | The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | article | DOI |
| Abstract: This study employed a perceptual-motor task of figure copying in 27 cocaine-dependent, 26 marijuana-abusing or dependent, and 33 healthy subjects. Cocaine-dependent and healthy individuals did not differ in their scores on the copying of a two-dimensional diamond and a cross. In contrast, cocaine-dependent subjects displayed significantly poorer ability to copy a three-dimensional Necker cube, a smoking pipe, a hidden line elimination cube, a pyramid, and a dissected pyramid. Marijuana users' performance on all copied figures was comparable to that of the healthy comparison subjects. Considering that decreased three-dimensional copying ability has been found to be associated with fatal injuries, further studies are needed to investigate possible underlying mechanisms (e.g., parietal lobe damage) and their role in the pathophysiology of cocaine dependence. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Elman2008,
author = {Elman, Igor and Chi, Won H. and Gurvits, Tamara V. and Ryan, Elizabeth T. and Lasko, Natasha B. and Lukas, Scott E. and Pitman, Roger K.},
title = {Impaired Reproduction of Three-Dimensional Objects by Cocaine-Dependent Subjects},
journal = {The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences},
year = {2008},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.2008.20.4.478}
}
|
|||||
| Emerson, P.L. | Necker cube: Duration of preexposure of an unambiguous form | 1979 | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Two well-practiced Ss indicated the apparent orientation of a Neckerbackslashncube displayed immediately after the offset of 1 of 2 unambiguousbackslashnforms, which were identical to the Necker cube, except that linesbackslashnwere removed to represent opaque rather than transparent cubes. Thebackslashnduration of preexposure of the unambiguous forms was varied at 300,backslashn600, 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 msec. The main dependent variable wasbackslashnthe estimated probability of the response to the ambiguous stimulusbackslashnbeing opposite to the orientation of the preexposed stimulus. Frombackslashnabout 600 responses from each S at each duration, the probabilitiesbackslashnfor opposite orientation all were greater than 0.5 and increasedbackslashnmonotonically with preexposure duration. It is concluded that a simplebackslashnrandom model of Necker reversals is inadequate; some form of a satiationbackslashnmodel is needed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Emerson1979,
author = {Emerson, Phillip L.},
title = {Necker cube: Duration of preexposure of an unambiguous form},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
year = {1979},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03329490}
}
|
|||||
| Enright, J.T. | Perspective vergence: Oculomotor responses to line drawings | 1987 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When a perspective drawing is viewed monocularly, changes in fixation point are accompanied by changes in steady-state vergence; their direction is usually appropriate for the distance relationships implied in the illustration. The absolute magnitude of these responses varies appreciably among subjects; it can be consistently enhanced or reduced by modest changes in the drawing. Similar configurations of stimuli from three-dimensional objects would presumably also contribute to normal vergence movements during binocular viewing; it appears that their importance would increase with target distance. Corresponding changes in pupil diameter, as expected for the "near reflex", were not observed with perspective stimuli. Consistent, directionally appropriate vergence changes, paralleling perception, were also made by most subjects during monocular viewing of a Necker cube, but there, exceptionally large pupillary responses arose. textcopyright 1987. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Enright1987,
author = {Enright, J. T.},
title = {Perspective vergence: Oculomotor responses to line drawings},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {1987},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(87)90160-X}
}
|
|||||
| Erkelens, C.J. | Contribution of disparity to the perception of 3D shape as revealed by bistability of stereoscopic necker Cubes | 2012 | Seeing and Perceiving | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The Necker cube is a famous demonstration of ambiguity in visual perception of 3D shape. Its bistability is attributed to indecisiveness because monocular cues do not allow the observer to infer one particular 3D shape from the 2D image A remarkable but not appreciated observation is that Necker cubes are bistable during binocular viewing One would expect disparity information to veto bistability. To investigate the effect of zero and non-zero disparity on perceptual bistability in detail, perceptual dominance durations were measured for luminance- and disparity-defined Necker cubes Luminance-defined Necker cubes were bistable for all tested disparities between the front and back faces of the cubes. Absence of an effect of disparity on dominance durations suggested the suppression of disparity information Judgments of depth between the front and back sides of the Necker cubes, however, showed that disparity affected perceived depth. Disparity-defined Necker cubes were also bistable but dominance durations showed different distributions I propose a framework for 3D shape perception in which 3D shape is inferred from pictorial cues acting on luminance- and disparity-defined 2D shapes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Erkelens2012,
author = {Erkelens, C. J.},
title = {Contribution of disparity to the perception of 3D shape as revealed by bistability of stereoscopic necker Cubes},
journal = {Seeing and Perceiving},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/18784763-00002396}
}
|
|||||
| Erkelens, C. | Evidence for Obliqueness of Angles as a Cue to Planar Surface Slant Found in Extremely Simple Symmetrical Shapes | 2015 | Symmetry | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The Necker cube is a striking example for perceptual dominance of 3D over 2D. Object symmetry and obliqueness of angles are co-varying cues that may underlie the perceived slant of Necker cubes. To investigate the power of the oblique-angle cue, slants were judged of extremely simple symmetrical shapes. Slant computations based on an assumption of orthogonality were made for two abutting lines as a function of vertex angle and the slant of the screen. Computed slants were compared with slants judged by six subjects under binocular viewing conditions. Judged slant was highly correlated with slant specified by the oblique angles under an assumption of orthogonality. The contributions of screen cues, including binocular disparity, were negligible. The consistency of the judgments across subjects indicates the assumption of orthogonality as one of the principles underlying slant perception. Necker cubes illustrate that the visual system can disengage unambiguous cues in favor of ambiguous object-symmetry and oblique-angle cues, if the latter indicate very different slants. Selective disengagement of cues may be the mechanism that underlies the success of 2D images in ancient, as well as modern civilizations. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Erkelens2015,
author = {Erkelens, Casper},
title = {Evidence for Obliqueness of Angles as a Cue to Planar Surface Slant Found in Extremely Simple Symmetrical Shapes},
journal = {Symmetry},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7010241}
}
|
|||||
| Ernst, M.O., Di Luca, M. and Backus, B.T. | Recruitment of an invisible depth cue | 2009 | Journal of Vision | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: Cue recruitment occurs when a sensory signal is put into correlationbackslashnwith trusted cues and subsequently influences perceptual interpretationbackslashnas the trusted cues do. In all cue recruitment experiments to date,backslashnthe signal has been well above detection threshold and was easilybackslashnvisible. For example, it has been shown that object position andbackslashnmotion can be recruited as a cue to influence the interpretationbackslashnof the ambiguous Necker Cube (Haijiang et al., 2006). Here we askedbackslashnwhether a signal that is not visible on its own could be recruitedbackslashnas a cue. Vertical size ratio (VSR, the ratio of vertical anglesbackslashnsubtended by an object at the two eyes) is normally used to correctbackslashnfor relative position of the head when interpreting horizontal disparitybackslashn(Gillam & Lawergren, 1983; Backus et al 1999) but it is notbackslashnvisible in displays consisting of horizontal lines only because therebackslashnare no horizontal discontinuities. We manipulated VSR of displaysbackslashnsimulating a cylinder composed of horizontal lines that rot atedbackslashnabout a horizontal axis. On training trials, the rotation directionbackslashnof the cylinder was unambiguously specified by horizontal disparitybackslashnand occlusion cues and these trusted cues were correlated with thebackslashnVSR cue to be recruited. On test trials, the display did not containbackslashnhorizontal disparity or occlusion, so that the rotation directionbackslashnspecified by the trusted cues was ambiguous. If participants howeverbackslashnmade use of the VSR cue in the test display rotation direction couldbackslashnbecome unambiguous after training. For 8 out of 9 participants, apparentbackslashnrotation on test trials became contingent on the value of VSR. Webackslashnconclude that a signal need not have perceptual consequences by itselfbackslashnfor the system to assign it a new use during the construction ofbackslashnappearances. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Ernst2009,
author = {Ernst, Marc O and Di Luca, Massimiliano and Backus, Benjamin T.},
title = {Recruitment of an invisible depth cue},
booktitle = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/9.8.34}
}
|
|||||
| Essays, B.R., Magic, N. and Gene, T.C.-o. | The Co-Operative Gene On The Role of Synergy in Evolution | 1996 | Evolution | article | |
| Abstract: Although the heuristic value of Richard Dawkin's "selfish gene" metaphor has been considerable, there has been an increasing emphasis in recent years on the role of co-operative phenomena in nature, along with renewed interest in the evolution of complexity. Various theorists have also advocated a multi-level model of evolution, one which focuses on the "vehicles" of selection at various levels rather than on the "replicators". To borrow Dawkin's Necker cube image, it is suggested here that it might be useful to view the evolutionary process from the perspective of the functional effects that are produced by co-operative interactions among various "units" of selection -- genes, genic "interaction systems" (after Sewall Wright), organisms, symbionts, and "superorganisms". This approach is concerned with the "bioeconomics" of co-operation, and it highlights the role of synergy -- combined effects produced by two or more elements, parts or individuals. It is noted that synergy is a multi-levelled phenomenon that can take many different forms. But more important, it is proposed that synergy has played a significant causal role in the evolution of complexity. The interdependent synergistic effects produced by co-operative interactions of various kinds have often provided the proximate causal mechanisms (the functional "payoffs") associated with the differential selection of more complex forms and more inclusive "levels" of organization; underlying the many specific "transitions" in the comlexification process, a common functional principle has been operative. Some implications of this perspective are also briefly discussed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Essays1996,
author = {Essays, Book Review and Magic, Nature and Gene, The Co-operative},
title = {The Co-Operative Gene On The Role of Synergy in Evolution},
journal = {Evolution},
year = {1996}
}
|
|||||
| Ferraro, F.R. and Nashimoto, K. | Lack of association between negative priming and Necker Cube reversals | 2003 | Perceptual & Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 50 undergraduates were tested on 2 tasks presented in a counterbalanced fashion: their ability to inhibit irrelevant information measured on a negative priming task involving letter case information and on the number of Necker Cube reversals produced in a specific time period. Since number of reversals presumably reflects a person's ability to see various interpretations of the Necker Cube, this assumes that multiple interpretations are available to a S and that no one interpretation dominates over another. If true, then more reversals could indicate an ability to inhibit irrelevant information. That is, observing one reversal at the expense of another reversal indicates that a S can adequately inhibit these various interpretations successfully, with more reversals indicating a higher ability to inhibit information successfully. Although it was predicted that negative priming performance would be related to the number of Necker Cube reversals, this was not the case (r=-.07). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ferraro2003,
author = {Ferraro, F Richard and Nashimoto, Kane},
title = {Lack of association between negative priming and Necker Cube reversals},
journal = {Perceptual & Motor Skills},
year = {2003},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.681}
}
|
|||||
| Finks, R.A., Pinker, S. and Farah, M.J. | Reinterpreting visual patterns in mental imagery | 1989 | Cognitive Science | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In a recent paper, Chambers and Reisberg (1985) showed that people cannot reverse classical ambiguous figures in imagery (such as the Necker cube, duck/rabbit, or Schroeder staircase). In three experiments, we refute one kind of explanation for this difficulty: that visual images do not contain information about the geometry of a shape necessary for reinterpreting it or that people cannot apply shape classification procedures to the information in imagery. We show, that given suitable conditions, people can assign novel interpretations to ambiguous images which have been constructed out of parts or mentally transformed. For example, when asked to imagine the letter "D" on its side, affixed to the top of the letter "J", subjects spontaneously report "seeing" an umbrella. We also show that these reinterpretations are not the result of guessing strategies, and that they speak directly to the issue of whether or not mental images of ambiguous figures can be reconstrued. Finally, we show that arguments from the philosophy literature on the relation between images and descriptions are not relevant to the issue of whether images can be reinterpreted, and we suggest possible explanations for why classical ambiguous figures do not spontaneously reverse in imagery. textcopyright 1989. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Finks1989,
author = {Finks, Ronald A. and Pinker, Steven and Farah, Martha J.},
title = {Reinterpreting visual patterns in mental imagery},
journal = {Cognitive Science},
year = {1989},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0364-0213(89)90011-6}
}
|
|||||
| Flamm, L.E. and Bergum, B.O. | Reversible perspective figures and eye movements | 1977 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Eye movements and perspective reversals were continuously recorded on film for 9 subjects who fixated a central point on black line drawings of the Necker cube and Rubin vase figure. There were significantly more Necker cube reversals than Rubin figure reversals in the 1 1/2-min. test periods. Perceptual reversals were unrelated to the occurrence of eye movements but appear possibly to be related to the perceived tridimensionality of the figures. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Flamm1977,
author = {Flamm, Lois E and Bergum, Bruce O},
title = {Reversible perspective figures and eye movements},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1977},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.3.1015}
}
|
|||||
| Fountain, W. and Lynn, R. | Change in level of arousal during childhood | 1966 | Behaviour research and therapy | article | |
| Abstract: Considers the problem of changes in arousal at different ages during childhood. The Necker Cube reversal rate is taken as a measure of arousal, and data are reported showing a lowering of arousal level as children get older. The results, together with other characteristics of children's performance, are considered in terms of cortical-subcortical relations. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Fountain1966,
author = {Fountain, Wendy and Lynn, R},
title = {Change in level of arousal during childhood},
journal = {Behaviour research and therapy},
year = {1966}
}
|
|||||
| Gaetz, M., Weinberg, H., Rzempoluck, E. and Jantzen, K.J. | Neural network classifications and correlation analysis of EEG and MEG activity accompanying spontaneous reversals of the Necker cube | 1998 | Cognitive Brain Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It has recently been suggested that reentrant connections are essential in systems that process complex information [A. Damasio, H. Damasio, Cortical systems for the retrieval of concrete knowledge: the convergence zone framework, in: C. Koch, J.L. Davis (Eds.), Large Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 61-74; G. Edelman, The Remembered Present, Basic Books, New York, 1989; M.I. Posner, M. Rothbart, Constructing neuronal theories of mind, in: C. Koch, J.L. Davis (Eds.), Large Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 183-199; C. von der Malsburg, W. Schneider, A neuronal cocktail party processor, Biol. Cybem., 54 (1986) 29-40]. Reentry is not feedback, but parallel signalling in the time domain between spatially distributed maps, similar to a process of correlation between distributed systems. Accordingly, it was expected that during spontaneous reversals of the Necker cube, complex patterns of correlations between distributed systems would be present in the cortex. The present study included EEG (n = 4) and MEG recordings (n = 5). Two experimental questions were posed: (1) Can distributed cortical patterns present during perceptual reversals be classified differently using a generalised regression neural network (GRNN) compared to processing of a two- dimensional figure? (2) Does correlated cortical activity increase significantly during perception of a Necker cube reversal? One-second duration single trials of EEG and MEG data were analysed using the GRNN. Electrode/sensor pairings based on cortico-cortical connections were selected to assess correlated activity in each condition. The GRNN significantly classified single trials recorded during Necker cube reversals as different from single trials recorded during perception of a two-dimensional figure for both EEG and MEG. In addition, correlated cortical activity increased significantly in the Necker cube reversal condition for EEG and MEG compared to the perception of a non-reversing stimulus. Coherent MEG activity observed over occipital, parietal and temporal regions is believed to represent neural systems related to the perception of Necker cube reversals. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gaetz1998,
author = {Gaetz, Michael and Weinberg, Hal and Rzempoluck, Edward and Jantzen, K. J.},
title = {Neural network classifications and correlation analysis of EEG and MEG activity accompanying spontaneous reversals of the Necker cube},
journal = {Cognitive Brain Research},
year = {1998},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(97)00038-4}
}
|
|||||
| Gao, J.B., Billock, V.A., Merk, I., Tung, W.W., White, K.D., Harris, J.G. and Roychowdhury, V.P. | Inertia and memory in ambiguous visual perception | 2006 | Cognitive Processing | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perceptual multistability during ambiguous visual perception is an important clue to neural dynamics. We examined perceptual switching during ambiguous depth perception using a Necker cube stimulus, and also during binocular rivalry. Analysis of perceptual switching time series using variance-sample size analysis, spectral analysis and time series shuffling shows that switching times behave as a 1/f noise and possess very long range correlations. The long memory feature contrasts sharply with the traditional satiation models of multistability, where the memory is not incorporated, as well as with recently published models of multistability and neural processing, where memory is excluded. On the other hand, the long memory feature favors the concept of "dynamic core" or coalition of neurons, where neurons form transient coalitions. Perceptual switching then corresponds to replacement of one coalition of neurons by another. The inertia and memory measures the stability of a coalition: a strong and stable coalition has to be won over by another similarly strong and stable coalition, resulting in long switching times. The complicated transient dynamics of competing coalitions of neurons may be addressable using a combination of functional imaging, measurement of frequency-tagged magnetoencephalography and frequency-tagged encephalography, simultaneous recordings of groups of neurons in many areas of the brain, and concepts from statistical mechanics and nonlinear dynamics theory. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gao2006,
author = {Gao, J. B. and Billock, V. A. and Merk, I. and Tung, W. W. and White, K. D. and Harris, J. G. and Roychowdhury, V. P.},
title = {Inertia and memory in ambiguous visual perception},
journal = {Cognitive Processing},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0030-5}
}
|
|||||
| Gillett, G. and Liu, S.C. | Free will and Necker's cube: Reason, language and top-down control in cognitive neuroscience | 2012 | Philosophy | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The debates about human free will are traditionally the concern of metaphysics but neuroscientists have recently entered the field arguing that acts of the will are determined by brain events themselves causal products of other events. We examine that claim through the example of free or voluntary switch of perception in relation to the Necker cube. When I am asked to see the cube in one way, I decide whether I will follow the command (or do as I am asked) using skills that reason and language give to me and change my brain states accordingly. The voluntary shift of perspective in seeing the Necker cube this way or that exemplifies the top-down control exercised by a human being on the basis of the role of language and meaning in their activity. It also indicates the lived story that is at the centre of each human consciousness. In the third part of this essay, three arguments are used to undermine metaphysical objections to the very idea of top-down self control. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gillett2012,
author = {Gillett, Grant and Liu, Sam C.},
title = {Free will and Necker's cube: Reason, language and top-down control in cognitive neuroscience},
journal = {Philosophy},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S003181911100057X}
}
|
|||||
| Gips, J. | A new reversible figure | 1972 | Perceptual & Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Presents a new reversible figure similar to the Necker cube. The figurebackslashnis discussed briefly in terms of both human and computer vision. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gips1972,
author = {Gips, James},
title = {A new reversible figure},
journal = {Perceptual & Motor Skills},
year = {1972},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1972.34.1.306}
}
|
|||||
| Goebel, P.M. and Vincze, M. | Vision for cognitive systems: A new compound concept connecting natural scenes with cognitive models | 2007 | IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN) | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: Vision, as a key perceptional capability for cognitive systems relates to rather difficult problems -such as visual object recognition, representation, categorization, and scene understanding. State-of-the-art solutions, using object appearance based models, already reached certain maturity. They achieve excellent recognition performance and provide learning structures that are subsequently utilized for object recognition and tracking. However, in context of object topology understanding for cognitive tasks, these methods cannot be directly compared with human performance, because it is obvious that appearance based methods do not contribute to understanding of structures in 3D. Research findings from infant psychology and animal investigation give evidence for using hierarchical models of object representation, based on image primitives e.g. such as edges, corners, shading or homogeneity of object colors. It is the objective of this paper to present an approach based on both, findings from biological studies and cognitive science, as enablers for autonomous cognitive investigation of natural scenes and their understanding. We present the architecture of a compound cognitive framework and its first behavioral level with the implementation of a vision model of the mammalian striate visual cortex in five layers. The proposed implementation is exemplified with an object similar to the Necker cube. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Goebel2007,
author = {Goebel, Peter Michael and Vincze, Markus},
title = {Vision for cognitive systems: A new compound concept connecting natural scenes with cognitive models},
booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/INDIN.2007.4384859}
}
|
|||||
| Gómez, C., Argandoña, E.D., Solier, R.G., Angulo, J.C. and Vázquez, M. | Timing and competition in networks representing ambiguous figures | 1995 | Brain and Cognition | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The duration of perception for eye rivalry and the Necker cube was obtained during continuous presentation of the stimuli. The frequency histograms support the idea of continuous competition between the neural representations of both percepts. They also suggest that when a percept is installed there is a relative refractoriness for changing the percept that is modeled by a sigmoid equation. This refractoriness lasts a few seconds. The duration of the perceptions was modified by the instruction to the subjects. Results are discussed in terms of a simple competition model, a temporal segmentation hypothesis, and the possible top-down influences. These are considered useful mechanisms for selecting relevant information in a serial processor and for maintaining perception, cognitive evaluation, and action of a given context in the same time epoch. textcopyright 1995 Academic Press, Inc. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gomez1995,
author = {Gómez, Carlos and Argandoña, E. D. and Solier, R. G. and Angulo, J. C. and Vázquez, M.},
title = {Timing and competition in networks representing ambiguous figures},
journal = {Brain and Cognition},
year = {1995},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1995.1270}
}
|
|||||
| Gorea, A. and Agonie, C. | 2D motion aliasing yielding 3D ambiguity. A study with variants of a Necker cube | 1997 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The 2D projection of a rotating Necker cube yields an ambiguous 3D interpretation based on both 2D shape and kinetic depth information. The present study shows that the alternation rate of the two 3D interpretations is constant with the rotation speed up to some critical value (around 25 turns/min for a cube whose sides subtend 2.5 deg) and increases monotonically thereafter. It is proposed that the additional perceptual reversals (PRs) observed at high rotation speeds are due to the increased frequency of the crossovers of the cube's edges. These crossovers yield 2D motion 'aliasing' (or discontinuity) and 'veridical' (or continuity) motion components. The motion aliasing (or crossover) hypothesis states that, in addition to the inherent ambiguity of the dynamic 2D projection of 3D objects, perceptual motion/perspective reversals will occur any time the discontinuity speed takes over the continuity speed. It is proposed that the relative strengths of the two components depend on the linear speed of the projected edges and that the discontinuity components take over the continuity one in the speed range where contrast sensitivity (or, above threshold, efficiency) is a decreasing function of speed. The motion aliasing hypothesis was tested and supported in a series of independent experiments showing that, for rotation speeds higher than 25 turns/min the PR rate increases with the crossover frequency at a constant speed, with linear speed at a constant crossover frequency and with the similarity of the crossing bars in terms of their orientation, polarity and spatial overlap. In addition, some of these experiments suggest that 2D shape and kinetic depth 3D-cues combine in such a way that the average PR rate they yield together is the same as the PR rate yielded by each of them independently. In the Discussion section we elaborate on issues related to the perceptual combination of ambiguous shape and kinetic depth, 3D cues. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gorea1997,
author = {Gorea, Andrei and Agonie, Christel},
title = {2D motion aliasing yielding 3D ambiguity. A study with variants of a Necker cube},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {1997},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00027-8}
}
|
|||||
| Gorenstein, E.E. | Frontal lobe functions in psychopaths | 1982 | Journal of Abnormal Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Hypothesized that psychopaths would exhibit deficits on tasks tapping the frontal lobe functions of cognitive flexibility and perseverance. 20 male psychopaths (mean age 26.5 yrs), 23 male psychiatric controls, and 18 normal male controls (18�20 yrs old) completed the Socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory, a behavioral checklist, and a task battery. Relative to controls, psychopaths exhibited the performance pattern of frontal lesion patients on all measures empirically related to frontal dysfunction: perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, errors on a sequential matching memory task, and Necker Cube reversals. Results encourage the pursuit of a conceptualization of psychopathy based on deficits in cognitive functions previously associated with frontal lobe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gorenstein1982,
author = {Gorenstein, Ethan E.},
title = {Frontal lobe functions in psychopaths},
journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
year = {1982},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.91.5.368}
}
|
|||||
| Gorenstein, E.E., Mammato, C.A. and Sandy, J.M. | Performance of inattentive?overactive children on selected measures of prefrontal?type function | 1989 | Journal of Clinical Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Several theorists have suggested that childhood inattention-overactivity ("attention deficit disorder," "hyperactivity") may arise from a deficit in the inhibitory mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that inattentive-overactive children would exhibit prefrontal-type deficits on several relevant neuropsychological measures. Subjects were 21 elementary school pupils who had been referred for disruptive behavior problems and who had been rated as high in inattention-overactivity. Controls were 26 age-matched normal children from the same school. It was found that the Inattentive-Overactive group, relative to the Control group, performed in the direction of prefrontal-type deficit on three measures that have an empirical history of discriminating patients with prefrontal lesions from controls: Perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, errors on the sequential Matching Memory Task, and Necker Cube reversals. On three theoretical indices of prefrontal-type deficit--Trailmaking, the Stroop Color-Word Test, and a sequential memory task for children--the Inattentive-Overactive group also exhibited predicted deficits. There were no differences between groups on the WISC-R Vocabulary subtest. The results of the study are generally compatible with a prefrontal-deficit theory of inattention-overactivity. However, the presence of other deficits cannot be ruled out nor can an organic cause be inferred from these findings alone. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gorenstein1989,
author = {Gorenstein, Ethan E. and Mammato, Cindy A. and Sandy, James M.},
title = {Performance of inattentive?overactive children on selected measures of prefrontal?type function},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
year = {1989},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198907)45:4%3C619::AID-JCLP2270450419%3E3.0.CO;2-M}
}
|
|||||
| Gotz, K.G. | Classification and Selection of Visual Targets in the Fly, Drosophila | 1991 | Zoologische Jahrbucher-Abteilung Fur Allgemeine Zoologie Und Physiologie Der Tiere | article | |
| Abstract: The strategies of search in Drosophila depend on the spatial and temporal context of the visual input. The present results have been derived from the wingbeat control responses recorded during tethered flight in a simulator or from the trajectories recorded during free walk in an arena. (1) Relative movement between figure and ground indicates the proximity of a figure, and seems to serve for long-range depth perception during free flight. Tethered flies prefer the nearest figure which might be attractive as a landing site. The attraction subsides gradually whenever the figure is moving in conjunction with the ground. (2) The equidistribution of the frequency of trips towards competing targets suggests lack of preference even in a choice between two extremely different figures. The equidistribution is achieved by sustained spontaneous alternation (SSA) of the preferred target. The strategy requires instantaneous distinction between a target of origin and a target of destination. This distinction fades with increasing time between successive choices. SSA disengages the fly from continuous fixation of a non-rewarding figure, and is reminiscent of sustained spontaneous depth reversal in human perception of ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube. Moreover, SSA may have concealed the ability for pattern discrimination and learning in other experimental animals. (3) With the time spent in the absence of sensory landmarks, the walking fly gradually increases the persistence of direction in its trajectory. This strategy is reversible and extends the radius of area-covering search by a factor of up to ten until the fly hits upon favourable targets. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gotz1991,
author = {Gotz, K G},
title = {Classification and Selection of Visual Targets in the Fly, Drosophila},
journal = {Zoologische Jahrbucher-Abteilung Fur Allgemeine Zoologie Und Physiologie Der Tiere},
year = {1991}
}
|
|||||
| Graham, J. and Iyer, R. | The Unbearable Vagueness of "Essence": Forty-Four Clarification Questions for Gray, Young, and Waytz | 2012 | Psychological Inquiry | article | DOI |
| Abstract: To make the argument that all morality is essen- tially one thing, Gray, Young, and Waytz employ a series of helpful analogies, portraying morality as a bull, an elephant, a dog, a Necker cube, H2O, a uni- versity, an invisible triangle, and the Grand Canyon Skywalk. This impressive metaphoric diversity illus- trates just howdifficult it is to fit something as rich and complex as human morality into a single characteri- zation. It also illustrates the authors' vagueness about what exactly is being argued by �essence.� | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Graham2012,
author = {Graham, Jesse and Iyer, Ravi},
title = {The Unbearable Vagueness of "Essence": Forty-Four Clarification Questions for Gray, Young, and Waytz},
journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.667767}
}
|
|||||
| Grossberg, S. and Swaminathan, G. | A laminar cortical model for 3D perception of slanted and curved surfaces and of 2D images: Development, attention, and bistability | 2004 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A model of laminar visual cortical dynamics proposes how 3D boundary and surface representations arise from viewing slanted and curved 3D objects and 2D images. The 3D boundary representations emerge from non-classical receptive field interactions within intracortical and intercortical feedback circuits. Such non-classical interactions within cortical areas V1 and V2 contextually disambiguate classical receptive field responses to ambiguous visual cues using cells that are sensitive to colinear contours, angles, and disparity gradients. Remarkably, these cell types can all be explained as variants of a unified perceptual grouping circuit whose most familiar example is a 2D colinear bipole cell. Model simulations show how this circuit can develop cell selectivity to colinear contours and angles, how slanted surfaces can activate 3D boundary representations that are sensitive to angles and disparity gradients, how 3D filling-in occurs across slanted surfaces, how a 2D Necker cube image can be represented in 3D, and how bistable 3D Necker cube percepts occur. The model also explains data about slant aftereffects and 3D neon color spreading. It shows how chemical transmitters that habituate, or depress, in an activity-dependent way can help to control development and also to trigger bistable 3D percepts and slant aftereffects. Attention can influence which of these percepts is perceived by propagating selectively along object boundaries. textcopyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Grossberg2004,
author = {Grossberg, Stephen and Swaminathan, Gurumurthy},
title = {A laminar cortical model for 3D perception of slanted and curved surfaces and of 2D images: Development, attention, and bistability},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2003.12.009}
}
|
|||||
| Guilford, J.P. and Braly, K.W. | An experimental test of McDougall's theory of extroversion-introversion | 1931 | Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: There is apparently nothing in common between the rate of fluctuationbackslashnof the Necker-Wheatstone cube and extroversion-introversion as measuredbackslashnby two of the common rating scales for that trait, although McDougallbackslashnsuggested the use of the Necker-Wheatstone cube as a test for extroversion-introversion.backslashnThe rate of fluctuation of the Necker-Wheatstone cube is a highlybackslashnreliable measure of some psychological function, this function beingbackslashnfairly constant during an hour of testing, but differing considerablybackslashnfrom day to day. Alcohol had no constant influence on the changebackslashnin rate of fluctuation, although there seemed to be a slight tendencybackslashntoward an increase. The effect of strychnine seems to be that ofbackslashnacceleration of the rate of fluctuation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Guilford1931,
author = {Guilford, J. P. and Braly, K. W.},
title = {An experimental test of McDougall's theory of extroversion-introversion},
journal = {Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
year = {1931},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074403}
}
|
|||||
| Gunn, D.V., Warm, J.S., Dember, W.N. and Temple, J.G. | Subjective organization and the visibility of illusory contours | 2000 | American Journal of Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The effects of the differential organization of a Necker cube on the perceived salience of an embedded illusory triangle were examined. Overall figural salience was greater when the triangle appeared to be localized on the front rather than the back cube face. Illusory contour salience also increased with increasing inducing area contrast and was greater when the figure was oriented on cardinal as compared to oblique coordinates. However, the latter effects were independent of perceived location within the cube. The finding that subjective organizational and structural factors influenced the perceived salience of the illusory figure but did not interact is consistent with van Tuijl and Leeuwenberg's (1982) suggestion that top-down and bottom-up determinants can operate independently in illusory contour perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Gunn2000,
author = {Gunn, Daniel V. and Warm, Joel S. and Dember, William N. and Temple, Jon G.},
title = {Subjective organization and the visibility of illusory contours},
journal = {American Journal of Psychology},
year = {2000},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1423472}
}
|
|||||
| Haijiang, Q., Saunders, J.A., Stone, R.W. and Backus, B.T. | Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning | 2006 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Until half a century ago, associative learning played a fundamental role in theories of perceptual appearance [Berkeley, G. (1709) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Dublin), 1st Ed.]. But starting in 1955 [Gibson, J. J. & Gibson, E. J. (1955) Psychol. Rev. 62, 32-41], most studies of perceptual learning have not been concerned with association or appearance but rather with improvements in discrimination ability. Here we describe a "cue recruitment" experiment, which is a straightforward adaptation of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, that we used to measure changes in visual appearance caused by exposure to novel pairings of signals in visual stimuli. Trainees viewed movies of a rotating wire-frame (Necker) cube. This stimulus is perceptually bistable. On training trials, depth cues (stereo and occlusion) were added to force the perceived direction of rotation. Critically, an additional signal was also added, contingent on rotation direction. Stimuli on test trials contained the new signal but not the depth cues. Over 45 min, two of the three new signals that we tested acquired the ability to bias perceived rotation direction on their own. Results were consistent across the eight trainees in each experiment, and the new cue's effectiveness was long lasting. Whereas most adaptation aftereffects on appearance are opposite in direction to the training stimuli, these effects were positive. An individual new signal can be recruited by the visual system as a cue for the construction of visual appearance. Cue recruitment experiments may prove useful for reexamining of the role of experience in perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Haijiang2006,
author = {Haijiang, Q. and Saunders, J. A. and Stone, R. W. and Backus, B. T.},
title = {Demonstration of cue recruitment: Change in visual appearance by means of Pavlovian conditioning},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506728103}
}
|
|||||
| Hammond, K., Fletcher, T.J., Tunnicliffe, W.S., Ottaway, P. and Ayres, J.G. | Patient acceptability of a combined oxygen concentrator and nebuliser unit | 1996 | Thorax | article | |
| Abstract: Sensory information is a priori incomplete and ambiguous. Our perceptual system has to make predictions about the sources of the sensory information, based on concepts from perceptual memory in order to create stable and reliable percepts. We presented ambiguous and disambiguated lattice stimuli (variants of the Necker cube) in order to measure a hysteresis effects in visual perception. Fifteen healthy participants observed two periods of ordered sequences of lattices with increasing and decreasing ambiguity and indicated their percepts, in two experimental conditions with different starting stimuli of the ordered sequence. We compared the stimulus parameters at the perceptual reversal between conditions and periods and found significant differences between conditions and periods, indicating memory contributions to perceptual outcomes on three different time scales from milliseconds over seconds up to lifetime memory. Our results demonstrate the fruitful application of physical concepts like hysteresis and complementarity to visual perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Hammond1996,
author = {Hammond, K. and Fletcher, T. J. and Tunnicliffe, W. S. and Ottaway, P. and Ayres, J. G.},
title = {Patient acceptability of a combined oxygen concentrator and nebuliser unit},
journal = {Thorax},
year = {1996}
}
|
|||||
| Hancock, R. | Attentional Processing in Bistable Perception is Influenced by Genetic Effects Associated with Sinistrality. | 1966 | Mindmodeling.Org | article | |
| Abstract: Binocular rivalry displays and ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube elicit a perceptual reversal effect mediated by attentional and perceptual processes. Perceptual dominance times are highly variable between individuals and may be par-tially influenced by genetic factors. This study examined the role of putative genetic effects associated with familial sinis-trality, derived from a novel pedigree-based genetic model. In a continuous Necker viewing task, dominance times were sig-nificantly correlated (R 2 = .36) with a multifactorial estimate of genetic effects associated with non right-handedness. No association with genetic estimates was found in an intermittent viewing condition. These results suggest that genetic factors associated with functional asymmetries may also affect noise-based perceptual alternation, but not short term visual memory. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Hancock1966,
author = {Hancock, Roeland},
title = {Attentional Processing in Bistable Perception is Influenced by Genetic Effects Associated with Sinistrality.},
journal = {Mindmodeling.Org},
year = {1966}
}
|
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| Hare, R.D. | Performance of psychopaths on cognitive tasks related to frontal lobe function | 1984 | Journal of Abnormal Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: On the basis of their performance on several cognitive tasks, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Necker Cube, and a sequential matching memory task (SMMT), E. E. Gorenstein (see record textlessRelatedUIDtextgreater1983-01261-001textless/RelatedUIDtextgreater) concluded that psychopaths have specific deficits in cognitive processes associated with frontal-lobe functioning. However, it is argued that his diagnostic procedures were inadequate and his results confounded by group differences in age, education, general ability, and substance abuse. In the present study, the WCST, Necker Cube, and SMMT were administered to 46 male prison inmates divided into low-, medium-, and high-psychopathy groups on the basis of a 22-item checklist developed by the present author (see record textlessRelatedUIDtextgreater1982-02477-001textless/RelatedUIDtextgreater). ANOVAs and ANCOVAs (with age, education, IQ, and substance use as covariates) failed to detect any group differences in task performance. Similar results were obtained when diagnoses were based on the Socialization scale of the California Psychological Inventory and the DSM-III criteria for antisocial personality disorder and when multiple criteria were used. Some general problems associated with attempts to explain psychopathy in terms of brain damage or dysfunction are discussed. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Hare1984,
author = {Hare, Robert D.},
title = {Performance of psychopaths on cognitive tasks related to frontal lobe function},
journal = {Journal of Abnormal Psychology},
year = {1984},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.93.2.133}
}
|
|||||
| Harrison, S. and Backus, B. | Disambiguating Necker cube rotation using a location cue: What types of spatial location signal can the visual system learn? | 2010 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The direction of rotation of a wire-frame (Necker) cube, which is perceptually bistable, can be trained to depend on stimulus location (Q. Haijiang, J. A. Saunders, R. W. Stone, & B. T. Backus, 2006). However, it is not known which aspects of "location" are important to this learning. We therefore explored "location" in a series of experiments that separately assessed testing venue, location relative to the observer, and location in the retinal image as types of location signal that could potentially be recruited by the visual system. Subjects were trained using wire-frame cubes with rotation direction disambiguated by depth cues. Training cubes were presented at two locations, rotating in opposite directions. On interleaved test trials, ambiguous monocular cubes were presented at the same two locations. The extent to which test cubes were perceived to rotate according to the trained location-rotation contingency was our measure of location-cue recruitment. We found that only retinal position was recruited as a cue for apparent rotation direction. Furthermore, the learned retinal location cue was robust to ocular transfer. Our findings are consistent with a relatively low-level site of learning, such as MT. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Harrison2010,
author = {Harrison, S. and Backus, B.},
title = {Disambiguating Necker cube rotation using a location cue: What types of spatial location signal can the visual system learn?},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/10.6.23}
}
|
|||||
| Harrison, S.J., Backus, B.T. and Jain, A. | Disambiguation of Necker cube rotation by monocular and binocular depth cues: Relative effectiveness for establishing long-term bias | 2011 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The apparent direction of rotation of perceptually bistable wire-frame (Necker) cubes can be conditioned to depend on retinal location by interleaving their presentation with cubes that are disambiguated by depth cues (Haijiang, Saunders, Stone, & Backus, 2006; Harrison & Backus, 2010a). The long-term nature of the learned bias is demonstrated by resistance to counter-conditioning on a consecutive day. In previous work, either binocular disparity and occlusion, or a combination of monocular depth cues that included occlusion, internal occlusion, haze, and depth-from-shading, were used to control the rotation direction of disambiguated cubes. Here, we test the relative effectiveness of these two sets of depth cues in establishing the retinal location bias. Both cue sets were highly effective in establishing a perceptual bias on Day 1 as measured by the perceived rotation direction of ambiguous cubes. The effect of counter-conditioning on Day 2, on perceptual outcome for ambiguous cubes, was independent of whether the cue set was the same or different as Day 1. This invariance suggests that a common neural population instantiates the bias for rotation direction, regardless of the cue set used. However, in a further experiment where only disambiguated cubes were presented on Day 1, perceptual outcome of ambiguous cubes during Day 2 counter-conditioning showed that the monocular-only cue set was in fact more effective than disparity-plus-occlusion for causing long-term learning of the bias. These results can be reconciled if the conditioning effect of Day 1 ambiguous trials in the first experiment is taken into account (Harrison & Backus, 2010b). We suggest that monocular disambiguation leads to stronger bias either because it more strongly activates a single neural population that is necessary for perceiving rotation, or because ambiguous stimuli engage cortical areas that are also engaged by monocularly disambiguated stimuli but not by disparity-disambiguated stimuli. textcopyright 2011 Elsevier Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Harrison2011,
author = {Harrison, Sarah J. and Backus, Benjamin T. and Jain, Anshul},
title = {Disambiguation of Necker cube rotation by monocular and binocular depth cues: Relative effectiveness for establishing long-term bias},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2011.02.011}
}
|
|||||
| Harrison, S.J. and Backus, B.T. | Associative learning of shape as a cue to appearance: A new demonstration of cue recruitment | 2012 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The perceived rotation direction of a wire-frame Necker cube at stimulus onset can be conditioned to be dependent on retinal location (B. T. Backus & Q. Haijiang, 2007; S. J. Harrison & B. T. Backus, 2010a). This phenomenon was proposed to be an example of the visual system learning new cues to visual appearance, by adaptation in response to new experiences. Here, we demonstrate recruitment of a new cue, object shape, for the appearance of rotating 3D objects. The cue was established by interleaving ambiguous and disambiguated instances of two shapes, cubes and spheres, at the same retinal location. Disambiguated cubes and spheres rotated in opposite directions. A significant bias was consequently introduced in the resolution of ambiguity, whereby the proportions of ambiguous shapes perceived as rotating clockwise differed, in the direction predicted by their disambiguated counterparts. This finding suggests that training led the visual system to distinguish between the two shapes. The association of rotation direction and shape was only achieved when monocular depth cues were used to depict rotation in depth; shapes disambiguated by binocular disparity did not lead to recruitment of the shape cue. We speculate that this difference may be the consequence of a difference in the neural pathways by which the disambiguating cues act. This new instance of the cue recruitment effect opens possibilities for further generalization of the phenomenon. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Harrison2012,
author = {Harrison, S. J. and Backus, B. T.},
title = {Associative learning of shape as a cue to appearance: A new demonstration of cue recruitment},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/12.3.15}
}
|
|||||
| He, Z.J. and Ooi, T.L. | Illusory-contour formation affected by luminance contrast polarity | 1998 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We report a new type of illusory contour (Illusory-O) whose formation is contingent upon the contrast polarity of its juxtaposed inducing elements being similar, i.e. both elements must either be positive or negative in contrast sign. To test the hypothesis that this contingency is primarily dictated by factors that determine amodal surface completion (occlusion) between the inducing elements we conducted a series of experiments employing known spatial properties of the amodal completion mechanism, to show that spatial conditions unfavorable to occlusion lead to a concurrent weakening of the Illusory-O formation. For instance, we found that when the juxtaposed inducing elements (solid rectangles) were spatially misaligned, or when their spatial separation increased, our observers rated the perception of the Illusory-O as reduced. We also showed that, in addition to using solid-form inducing elements, the Illusory-O can be induced by line terminals, as long as these lines respect the requirements of the amodal completion mechanism such as similar contrast polarity and spatial alignment. Then we demonstrated that the role of the amodal completion mechanism is not limited to our particular arrangement of inducing elements by showing that the formation of the illusory Necker cube also relies on similar contrast polarity. Finally, to explain why some illusory contours like the Illusory-O are dependent on contrast polarity while others (e.g. Kanizsa square) are not, we propose that the key rests upon the visual system's presumption of occlusion. That is, in forming the illusory contour, if the visual system infers that it is a byproduct of the inducing elements being occluded, then having inducing elements of similar contrast polarity becomes a prerequisite. This assumption can be traced to the occurrence in the real world where partially occluded objects usually have visible parts (on both ends) with similar contrast polarity. Along this line of thinking, we suggest a plausible neural circuitry that may be implemented to form both contrast polarity sensitive and insensitive types of illusory contours. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{He1998,
author = {He, Zijiang J. and Ooi, Teng Leng},
title = {Illusory-contour formation affected by luminance contrast polarity},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1998},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p270313}
}
|
|||||
| Heath, H.A., Ehrlich, D. and Orbach, J. | Reversibility of the necker cube: 11. effects of various activating conditions' | 1963 | Perceptual and Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: eat, white noise, and flicker increased the rate of reversals of the Necker cube. Luminosity of lines, background illumination, and retinill atlaptation failed to influence reversal rate. These results are cliscussed in rela- tion to the concept of activation and the theory of satiation of orientarion. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Heath1963,
author = {Heath, Helen A and Ehrlich, Dan and Orbach, J},
title = {Reversibility of the necker cube: 11. effects of various activating conditions'},
journal = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
year = {1963},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1963.17.2.539}
}
|
|||||
| Heider, B. | Sex-related engagement of the hemispheres in visuospatial processing | 1996 | International Journal of Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Hemispheric asymmetries in visuospatial functions were investigated in women and men with a tachistoscopic task using lateralized presentation of ``Necker'' cubes. A lexical decision task served as control. In either of the two tasks the procedure involved a bilateral presentation of correct and distorted items and responses had to be given by means of a nonverbal decision task. The analysis of hits in the cube task showed a right visual field advantage for women and a left visual field advantage for men, but women had more false alarms in the right visual field, whereas men showed the reverse pattern again. The lexical decision task showed similar response patterns for men and women. The distinct response behavior supports the hypothesis that tasks allowing for various strategies to choose from obviously are better suited to elicit a differential engagement of the two hemispheres in women and men. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Heider1996,
author = {Heider, Barbara},
title = {Sex-related engagement of the hemispheres in visuospatial processing},
journal = {International Journal of Neuroscience},
year = {1996},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459608999815}
}
|
|||||
| Hoffman, R.E., Quinlan, D.M., Mazure, C.M. and McGlashan, T.M. | Cortical instability and the mechanism of mania: A neural network simulation and perceptual test | 2001 | Biological Psychiatry | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Background: A previous neural network simulation suggested that manic states arise from excessive levels of noise that destabilize neural representations. The Necker cube stick figure provides a simple perceptual task that assesses stability of gestalt-type representations. Methods: A neural network was developed that included a simulation of the Necker cube task. Noise was added to induce maniclike jumps from one representation to another. A parallel study of Necker cube perception was conducted with 16 patients diagnosed with manic-spectrum disorder, 18 patients with schizophrenia, and 19 normal control subjects. Cognitive speed and rate of indiscriminate responses were assessed using an auditory continuous performance task. Results: During processing of the "Necker cube" stimulus, the reversal rate of the noise-destabilized "manic" network was increased by 30%. In the human subject study, the median score of Necker cube reversal rates for manic-spectrum patients was roughly twice that of normal control subjects and patients with schizophrenia. Accelerated reversal rates in the manic-spectrum group were not attributable to excessive cognitive speed or higher rates of indiscriminate responses. Conclusions: The two studies, considered together, support the hypothesis that excessive cortical noise destabilizes neural representations in manic-spectrum patients. textcopyright 2001 Society of Biological Psychiatry. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Hoffman2001,
author = {Hoffman, Ralph E. and Quinlan, Donald M. and Mazure, Carolyn M. and McGlashan, Thomas M.},
title = {Cortical instability and the mechanism of mania: A neural network simulation and perceptual test},
journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
year = {2001},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01071-4}
}
|
|||||
| Holt, G.L. and Matson, J.L. | Necker cube reversals as a function of age and IQ | 1974 | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Two new visual perspectives of the Necker cube have been noted with an emphasis on the use of these perspectives in perceptual research. Twenty-five high IQ children ages 7, 8,9,10, and 11 and 25 low IQ children ages 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 were asked to reverse the Necker cube under three different instructional sets. The second and third sets of instructions involved the training of four different visual perspectives of the Necker cube. The results showed that IQ and age both significantly effect the number of reversals of the Necker cube. Except for 11-year-olds, low IQ children perceived fewer reversals than high IQ children. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Holt1974,
author = {Holt, Gary L. and Matson, Johnny L.},
title = {Necker cube reversals as a function of age and IQ},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
year = {1974},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334278}
}
|
|||||
| Holt, G.L. and Matson, J.L. | The effects of age on perceptual changes using two new perspectives of the Necker cube | 1976 | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Eleven age groups of 22 each were shown the Necker cube illusion on three separate trials, using a different instructional set for each. Frequency of reversals was determined by the number of times the subject indicated that the "X" on the cube changed perspectives during a 90-sec trial. The results of a 3 by 11 analysis of variance revealed a .01 level of significance between the peak age groups, 25 and 45 years, and the 55-, 65-, 75-, 85-, 95-, 5-, and 10-yeartextperiodcenteredold groups. These data suggest that young and old people were less able to reverse visual perspectives than the middle age groups. Since the original study by Necker (1832), most perceptual research using the Necker cube examined the illusory quality of perceptual reversals. Results showed that factors such as brain damage (Cohen, 1959), heart rate, cold (Roland, 1970), retinal anoxia (pickergill & Jeeves, 1964), and hyperventilation (Tartextperiodcentered gowski & Baer, 1966) affected reversal rates, while lumination and the presence of cataracts did not (Heath, Ehrich, & Orbach, 1963). These studies suggest that physiological factors are important in determining the number of perceptual switches recorded. A further assumption is that the aging process may create perceptextperiodcentered tual changes. Results with the Miiller-Lyer, Ponzo, and Titchner circles illusions follow this hypothesis. In that the Necker cube has not been used to test the effects of age on reversal rate, the present study will examine whether different age groups report a similar or divergent number of reversals on the Necker cube illusion using different instructional sets varying in degree of structure. Also, two additional perspectives of the Necker cube have been identified (Holt & Matson, 1974) and used for this experiment as a measure of perceptual reversabili ty. Varying instructional sets and adding two new perspectives may prove to be a useful development in creating a more sensitive instru-ment for examining visual perceptual differences. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Holt1976,
author = {Holt, Gary L. and Matson, Johnny L.},
title = {The effects of age on perceptual changes using two new perspectives of the Necker cube},
journal = {Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society},
year = {1976},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03337055}
}
|
|||||
| Hoon Lim, L., Chua, E., Mei Nyu, M., Ng, A., Shan, H., Ng, A., Hameed, S. and Kandiah, N. | P4-174 NON-3D PATTERN OF COPYING THE NECKER CUBE AS A RISK OF DEMENTIA AMONG A NONDEMENTED POPULATION: REANALYSIS FROM THE TAJIRI PROJECT | 2013 | Alzheimer's & Dementia | article | DOI |
| Abstract: cerebral blood flow and altered cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). Methods: To determine changes in cerebral vascular reactivity in adults over 65 with MCI -Subcortical Vascular (MCI -VS) and without MCI -VS.Prospective, case-control. DCL-VS was defined for those subjects with memory com-plaints and objective cognitive impairment, detected by neuropsychological test. Were obtained data and vascular risk factors. Evaluation of cerebrovas-cular reactivity in middle cerebral arteries to hypercapnia was measured with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography using the breath-holding index (BHI); pulsatility index (PI) was also recorded.Was considered abnormal, an apnea index oftextless0.8%. We confirmed the normal distribution of BHI in both arteries, using the test Kolmogororov -Smirnov and Shapiro-Wills. Results: We studied 60 subjects, 20 women and 10 men with MCI -VS. In the control group, we studied 22 women and 8 men.Average age 75 years (SD+/-5.01).The mean velocity of the right MCA was 42.27 + /-12.6 cm /s in the case group and 58.7 + /-12.1cm/s in the control group ptextless0.005. The mean value of the speed of the left MCA was 41.6 + /-12.6 cm -s in the case group vs 59.8 + /-10.8 cm /s in the control group ptextless0.005. The pulsatility index(PI) in patients with MCI -VS was 1.02 in the right MCA and 1.01 in the left MCA. The CVR was altered in patients with MCI -VS: .47% in right MCA and .41%in left MCA. vs the control group textgreater0.8% (p textless0.005). In ad-dition, we found a significant negative correlation between the values V'V'of CVR in the right MCA with age, suggesting that at an older age, lower the CVR (r test, ptextless0.008). Conclusions: The cerebral vascular reac-tivity, is impaired in subjects with vascular MCI. Likewise, we also observed a decrease in CVR withi ncreasing age,in both groups.This study shows that transcranial Doppler can be a useful tool to confirm vascular cognitive profile. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{HoonLim2013,
author = {Hoon Lim, Lay and Chua, Esther and Mei Nyu, Mei and Ng, Amanda and Shan, Huang and Ng, Adeline and Hameed, Shahul and Kandiah, Nagaendran},
title = {P4-174 NON-3D PATTERN OF COPYING THE NECKER CUBE AS A RISK OF DEMENTIA AMONG A NONDEMENTED POPULATION: REANALYSIS FROM THE TAJIRI PROJECT},
journal = {Alzheimer's & Dementia},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1566}
}
|
|||||
| Horiuchi, T. and Wesugi, S. | Interaction with the 3D Necker Cube and Its Depth Shift [BibTeX] |
2016 | Proceedings - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2015 | inproceedings | DOI |
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Horiuchi2016,
author = {Horiuchi, Tomotaka and Wesugi, Shigeru},
title = {Interaction with the 3D Necker Cube and Its Depth Shift},
booktitle = {Proceedings - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2015},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2015.262}
}
|
|||||
| Hoshino, O. | Ambient GABA responsible for age-related changes in multistable perception | 2013 | Neural Computation | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Multistable perception is a psychophysical phenomenon in which one unique interpretation alternates spontaneously every few seconds between two or more interpretations of the same sensory input. Well-known examples include the Necker cube and face-vase illusions in vision. Interestingly, young adults generally see more perceptual switches than do elderly people. To understand the underlying neuronal mechanism of age-related multistable perception, we simulated a cortical neural network model that consists of multiple cell assemblies. In the network, a specific population of noncore cells and a common population of core cells form a cell assembly that represents a single object (or event). Every dynamic cell assembly, activated by a given sensory input, involves the common (overlapping) population of core cells. Ambient GABA-mediated intracortical tonic inhibition via extrasynaptic GABAa receptors destabilized the currently appearing dynamic cell assembly and terminated its burst firing. This allowed another dynamic cell assembly to emerge one after the other. Namely, multistable perception took place. Transporters, which were embedded in axon terminal membranes of interneurons, regulated levels of ambient GABA. For elderly people, we assumed a decline in transporter. This decelerated GABA augmentation and resulted in prolonging the durations of burst firing and thus in slowing perceptual switches. We suggest that poor control of ambient GABA levels due to age-related decline in GABA transporter may be responsible for the slowing of perceptual switches in elderly people. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Hoshino2013,
author = {Hoshino, Osamu},
title = {Ambient GABA responsible for age-related changes in multistable perception},
booktitle = {Neural Computation},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1162/NECO_a_00431}
}
|
|||||
| Hramov, A.E., Maksimenko, V.A., Pchelintseva, S.V., Runnova, A.E., Grubov, V.V., Musatov, V.Y., Zhuravlev, M.O., Koronovskii, A.A. and Pisarchik, A.N. | Classifying the perceptual interpretations of a bistable image using EEG and artificial neural networks | 2017 | Frontiers in Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: textcopyright 2017 Hramov, Maksimenko, Pchelintseva, Runnova, Grubov, Musatov, Zhuravlev, Koronovskii and Pisarchik. In order to classify different human brain states related to visual perception of ambiguous images, we use an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze multichannel EEG. The classifier built on the basis of a multilayer perceptron achieves up to 95% accuracy in classifying EEG patterns corresponding to two different interpretations of the Necker cube. The important feature of our classifier is that trained on one subject it can be used for the classification of EEG traces of other subjects. This result suggests the existence of common features in the EEG structure associated with distinct interpretations of bistable objects. We firmly believe that the significance of our results is not limited to visual perception of the Necker cube images; the proposed experimental approach and developed computational technique based on ANN can also be applied to study and classify different brain states using neurophysiological data recordings. This may give new directions for future research in the field of cognitive and pathological brain activity, and for the development of brain-computer interfaces. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Hramov2017,
author = {Hramov, Alexander E. and Maksimenko, Vladimir A. and Pchelintseva, Svetlana V. and Runnova, Anastasiya E. and Grubov, Vadim V. and Musatov, Vyacheslav Yu and Zhuravlev, Maksim O. and Koronovskii, Alexey A. and Pisarchik, Alexander N.},
title = {Classifying the perceptual interpretations of a bistable image using EEG and artificial neural networks},
journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00674}
}
|
|||||
| Inoue, M. and Nishi, Y. | Dynamical behavior of a chaos neural network of an associative schema model | 1996 | Progress of Theoretical Physics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A Boltzmann machine and a chaos neural network, which represent an associative schema model of the Necker cube, are studied. In the chaos neural network, three different kinds of dynamical behavior are observed. These are termed: (1) a frozen phase (solid), (2) a transfer schemata phase (liquid), and (3) a random phase (gas). The phase diagram is calculated using the dynamics of the uncoupled chaotic neuron, and the result agrees with a numerical simulation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Inoue1996,
author = {Inoue, M and Nishi, Y},
title = {Dynamical behavior of a chaos neural network of an associative schema model},
journal = {Progress of Theoretical Physics},
year = {1996},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1143/PTP.95.837}
}
|
|||||
| Intaite, M., Koivisto, M. and Castelo-Branco, M. | Event-related potential responses to perceptual reversals are modulated by working memory load | 2014 | Neuropsychologia | article | DOI |
| Abstract: While viewing ambiguous figures, such as the Necker cube, the available perceptual interpretations alternate with one another. The role of higher level mechanisms in such reversals remains unclear. We tested whether perceptual reversals of discontinuously presented Necker cube pairs depend on working memory resources by manipulating cognitive load while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). The ERPs showed early enhancements of negativity, which were obtained in response to the first cube approximately 500. ms before perceived reversals. We found that working memory load influenced reversal-related brain responses in response to the second cube over occipital areas at the 150-300. ms post-stimulus and over central areas at P3 time window (300-500. ms), suggesting that it modulates intermediate visual processes. Interestingly, reversal rates remained unchanged by the working memory load. We propose that perceptual reversals in discontinuous presentation of ambiguous stimuli are governed by an early (well preceding pending reversals) mechanism, while the effects of load on the reversal related ERPs may reflect general top-down influences on visual processing, possibly mediated by the prefrontal cortex. textcopyright 2014 Elsevier Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Intaite2014,
author = {Intaite, Monika and Koivisto, Mika and Castelo-Branco, Miguel},
title = {Event-related potential responses to perceptual reversals are modulated by working memory load},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.016}
}
|
|||||
| Intaite, M. and Castelo-branco, M. | The linear impact of concurrent working memory load on dynamics of Necker cube perceptual reversals | 2014 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Ambiguous figures are visual stimuli that may be perceived in multistable interpretations. The role of attention in modulating perceptual reversals of ambiguous stimuli is not clear. We tested whether perceptual reversals depend on working memory by manipulating its load while the participants were viewing the Necker cube. Increasing working memory load delayed the latency and decreased the frequency of reversals. These effects followed a linear function of load. The findings imply shared resources of the mechanisms responsible for perceptual reversals and working memory maintenance. However, reversals were not completely abolished even with the hard seven- consonants load, suggesting that bottom-up processes continue to operate in the bistable perception dynamics when top-down mechanisms are attenuated. Introduction | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Intaite2014c,
author = {Intaite, Monika and Castelo-branco, Miguel},
title = {The linear impact of concurrent working memory load on dynamics of Necker cube perceptual reversals},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/14.1.13.doi}
}
|
|||||
| Intaite, M., Duarte, J.V. and Castelo-Branco, M. | Working memory load influences perceptual ambiguity by competing for fronto-parietal attentional resources | 2016 | Brain Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A visual stimulus is defined as ambiguous when observers perceive it as having at least two distinct and spontaneously alternating interpretations. Neuroimaging studies suggest an involvement of a right fronto-parietal network regulating the balance between stable percepts and the triggering of alternative interpretations. As spontaneous perceptual reversals may occur even in the absence of attention to these stimuli, we investigated neural activity patterns in response to perceptual changes of ambiguous Necker cube under different amounts of working memory load using a dual-task design. We hypothesized that the same regions that process working memory load are involved in perceptual switching and confirmed the prediction that perceptual reversals led to fMRI responses that linearly depended on load. Accordingly, posterior Superior Parietal Lobule, anterior Prefrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortices exhibited differential BOLD signal changes in response to perceptual reversals under working memory load. Our results also suggest that the posterior Superior Parietal Lobule may be directly involved in the emergence of perceptual reversals, given that it specifically reflects both perceptual versus real changes and load levels. The anterior Prefrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal cortices, showing a significant interaction between reversal levels and load, might subserve a modulatory role in such reversals, in a mirror symmetric way: in the former activation is suppressed by the highest loads, and in the latter deactivation is reduced by highest loads, suggesting a more direct role of the aPFC in reversal generation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Intaite2016,
author = {Intaite, Monika and Duarte, João Valente and Castelo-Branco, Miguel},
title = {Working memory load influences perceptual ambiguity by competing for fronto-parietal attentional resources},
journal = {Brain Research},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.044}
}
|
|||||
| Isoglu-Alka, Ü., Basar-Eroglu, C., Ademoglu, A., Demiralp, T., Miener, M. and Stadler, M. | Analysis of the electroencephalographic activity during the Necker cube reversals by means of the wavelet transform | 1998 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In previous studies, a perceptual switching related potential was obtained during the observation of a multistable dynamic reversal pattern, where the averaging of the single responses was triggered by subjects pressing a button. The present methodological study aims to increase the signal quality of perceptual switching related potentials considering the dependence of the measurement method on the reaction time of the subject, which may vary significantly during a session, leading to low-amplitude waveform in the averaged event-related-potential (ERP). To overcome this problem in measuring the electrophysiological correlate of an internal event, a pattern selection method based on the wavelet transform (WT) is proposed to choose a subset of single ERPs with more homogenous latencies. Nine subjects observed a Necker cube and were instructed to press the button immediately after perceptual switching. A slow, low-amplitude positive wave with frontocentral amplitude maxima was observed around 250 ms prior to the button press. After the application of a 5 octave WT on single sweeps, the time-frequency coefficients obtained in each octave were averaged across trials. The most dominant feature representing the averaged ERP was the delta (0.5-4 Hz) coefficient occurring between 250 and 125 ms before the button press. By averaging the subset of the single sweeps containing this property, a sharpening and significant amplitude increase of the response peak was observed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Isoglu-Alka1998,
author = {Isoglu-Alka, ÜmmÜhan and Basar-Eroglu, Canan and Ademoglu, Ahmet and Demiralp, Tamer and Miener, Michael and Stadler, Michael},
title = {Analysis of the electroencephalographic activity during the Necker cube reversals by means of the wavelet transform},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {1998},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050492}
}
|
|||||
| Isoglu-Alkaç, Ü., Basar-Eroglu, C., Ademoglu, A., Demiralp, T., Miener, M. and Stadler, M. | Alpha activity decreases during the perception of Necker cube reversals: An application of wavelet transform | 2000 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Since the first observation of perceptual reversal by Necker, many theoretical approaches have been proposed. In a previous study, we showed that a positive wave appeared approximately 250 ms prior to the button press of the subjects, indicating perceptual reversal during the observation of the Necker cube figure. A basic difficulty in this type of study is the possible jitter in the latency of the button press due to the variability of the subjects' reaction time during a recording session. To overcome this difficulty, a pattern selection method based on the wavelet transform was proposed in the previous study. A dominant positive wavelet coefficient in the delta band was found to represent the perceptual-reversal-related positivity. In the present study, we aim to analyze the changes in the alpha frequency band during perceptual reversal by using the Necker cube. The RMS values of the alpha frequency band were measured for two time periods: +/- 3 SD around the mean peak latency of the perceptual-reversal-related positivity and a time window of the same length before the positive wave. We found significantly increased delta power and decreased alpha power during the perceptual-reversal-related positivity. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Isoglu-Alkac2000,
author = {Isoglu-Alkaç, Ümmühan and Basar-Eroglu, Canan and Ademoglu, Ahmet and Demiralp, Tamer and Miener, Michael and Stadler, Michael},
title = {Alpha activity decreases during the perception of Necker cube reversals: An application of wavelet transform},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2000},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050585}
}
|
|||||
| Isoglu-Alkaç, Ü. and Strüber, D. | Necker cube reversals during long-term EEG recordings: Sub-bands of alpha activity | 2006 | International Journal of Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Reversible figures, such as the Necker cube, make up a well-known class of visual phenomena in which an invariant stimulus pattern gives rise to at least two different perceptual interpretations. A better understanding of the neurophysiological processes underlying perceptual reversals might help to disentangle bottom-up from top-down influences on multistable perception. Recently, we reported alpha activity decrease during multistable visual perception. The aim of the present study was to define more specifically the functional roles of the EEG alpha band during the perception of Necker cube reversals by subdividing the extended alpha band into three sub-bands (lower-1 alpha, lower-2 alpha, upper alpha). We employed a long-term recording condition, during which 10 healthy participants observed the Necker cube for approximately 60 min and responded by pressing a button to any perceived reversal. The results showed a reversal induced alpha desynchronization for the lower alpha bands, with the lower-2 alpha desynchronization differing across the time course of the experiment. The upper alpha band demonstrated no reliable effects. It is concluded that the lower-1 alpha desynchronization reflects an automatic arousal reaction which triggers attentional processing in a bottom-up manner, whereas the lower-2 alpha desynchronization is related to attentional processes that are achieved by top-down control with limited resources. The lack of reliable effects in the upper alpha band is presumably due to the relatively low semantic task demands in figure reversal. textcopyright 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Isoglu-Alkac2006,
author = {Isoglu-Alkaç, Ümmühan and Strüber, Daniel},
title = {Necker cube reversals during long-term EEG recordings: Sub-bands of alpha activity},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.05.002}
}
|
|||||
| Iwayama, K., Takahashi, K., Watanabe, K., Hirata, Y., Aihara, K. and Suzuki, H. | Synchronized brain activity changes related to perceptual alternations | 2010 | Artificial Life and Robotics | article | |
| Abstract: When we look at ambiguous figures, perception spontaneously changes from one to the other (perceptual alternation). We measured the brain activity from subjects who observed the Necker cube, one of the most famous ambiguous figures, using magnetoencephalography (MEG). To identify the brain activity inducing perceptual alternation, we propose a novel change-point detection method using spectral clustering to recurrence plots, and apply to measured data. Synchronized activity changes were detected at parietal channels. textcopyright 2010 ISAROB. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Iwayama2010,
author = {Iwayama, Koji and Takahashi, Kohske and Watanabe, Katsumi and Hirata, Yoshito and Aihara, Kazuyuki and Suzuki, Hideyuki},
title = {Synchronized brain activity changes related to perceptual alternations},
journal = {Artificial Life and Robotics},
year = {2010}
}
|
|||||
| J. ORBACH AND ELLEN ZUCKER | REVERSIBILITY OF THE NECKER CUBE: V. EFFECT OF MOVEMENT OF THE FIGURE ON THE PERCEPTION OF REVERSALS | 1964 | Perceplual and Alotor Shills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It has been proposed that growth of "satiation" to a criticalbackslashrbackslashnvalue is responsible for the reversals of perspective seen in the Necker cube;backslashrbackslashnwhen the satiation process is somehow prevented from reaching the criticalbackslashrbackslashnvalue, the "preferred orientation" is invariably reported. In the present experiment,backslashrbackslashnthe rate of reversal was markedly attenuated when the Necker cubebackslashrbackslashnwas rotated or oscillated about the central axis. To explain these data, it isbackslashrbackslashnassumed that angular movement (and the resultant inconstancy of the axisbackslashrbackslashnof orientation of the cube) prevented "satiation" from reaching the criticalbackslashrbackslashnvalue necessary to produce reversals. However, the reports did not conform tobackslashrbackslashn"preferred orientation." Instead, the initial percept became "locked-in" forbackslashrbackslashnthe period of the trial. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{J.ORBACHANDELLENZUCKER1964,
author = {J. ORBACH AND ELLEN ZUCKER},
title = {REVERSIBILITY OF THE NECKER CUBE: V. EFFECT OF MOVEMENT OF THE FIGURE ON THE PERCEPTION OF REVERSALS},
journal = {Perceplual and Alotor Shills},
year = {1964},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1964.18.3.945}
}
|
|||||
| J. ORBACH, DAN EHRLICH and HEATH, H.A. | REVERSIBILITY OF THE NECKER CUBE: I. AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF "SATIATION OF 0RIENTATION" | 1963 | Percep˜rral and Adotor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: central fatigue factor (satiation of orientation) is proposedbackslashrbackslashnto account for reversals of the Necker cube. During viewing, the figure processbackslashrbackslashnmediating one orientation becomes satiated, a threshold level is reached and abackslashrbackslashnreversal is reported. The conception places no special importance on retinal locusbackslashrbackslashnof the figure since it is not any one part of the central process that satiates butbackslashrbackslashnrather the process mediating one particular orientation. To support this analysis,backslashrbackslashnthe cube was presented tachistoscopically so that growth of satiation would bebackslashrbackslashninterrupted before threshold was reached. When presented repetitively, thebackslashrbackslashnsatiation summated with residual satiation generated by preceding exposuresbackslashrbackslashnuntil the threshold was reached and a reversal was reported. When, however,backslashrbackslashnthe interval between successive exposures of the cube was lengthened to permitbackslashrbackslashnthe satiative processes to decay to a minimal value after each exposure, then nobackslashrbackslashnsummation took place, the threshold was never reached and reversals were neverbackslashrbackslashnreported. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{J.ORBACHDANEHRLICH1963,
author = {J. ORBACH, DAN EHRLICH, AND HELEN A. HEATH},
title = {REVERSIBILITY OF THE NECKER CUBE: I. AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPT OF "SATIATION OF 0RIENTATION"},
journal = {Percep˜rral and Adotor Skills},
year = {1963},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1963.17.2.439}
}
|
|||||
| Jain, A., Fuller, S. and Backus, B.T. | Cue-recruitment for extrinsic signals after training with low information stimuli | 2014 | PLoS ONE | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Cue-recruitment occurs when a previously ineffective signal comes to affect the perceptual appearance of a target object, in a manner similar to the trusted cues with which the signal was put into correlation during training. Jain, Fuller and Backus reported that extrinsic signals, those not carried by the target object itself, were not recruited even after extensive training. However, recent studies have shown that training using weakened trusted cues can facilitate recruitment of intrinsic signals. The current study was designed to examine whether extrinsic signals can be recruited by putting them in correlation with weakened trusted cues. Specifically, we tested whether an extrinsic visual signal, the rotary motion direction of an annulus of random dots, and an extrinsic auditory signal, direction of an auditory pitch glide, can be recruited as cues for the rotation direction of a Necker cube. We found learning, albeit weak, for visual but not for auditory signals. These results extend the generality of the cue-recruitment phenomenon to an extrinsic signal and provide further evidence that the visual system learns to use new signals most quickly when other, long-trusted cues are unavailable or unreliable. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Jain2014,
author = {Jain, Anshul and Fuller, Stuart and Backus, Benjamin T.},
title = {Cue-recruitment for extrinsic signals after training with low information stimuli},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096383}
}
|
|||||
| Jones, M.B. | AUTHORITARIANISM AND INTOLERANCE OF FLUCTUATION | 1955 | Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: "From the results we may fairly conclude that (a) when Ss are given a uniform set either toward or against reversal, fluctuation of the Necker Cube is a reliable phenomenon, and (b) the rate of fluctuation, when Ss are set toward reversal, is negatively related to authoritarianism." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). textcopyright 1955 American Psychological Association. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Jones1955,
author = {Jones, Marshall B.},
title = {AUTHORITARIANISM AND INTOLERANCE OF FLUCTUATION},
journal = {Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
year = {1955},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042279}
}
|
|||||
| Kanai, R., Moradi, F., Shimojo, S. and Verstraten, F.A. | Perceptual alternation induced by visual transients | 2005 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When our visual system is confronted with ambiguous stimuli, the perceptual interpretation spontaneously alternates between the competing incompatible interpretations. The timing of such perceptual alternations is highly stochastic and the underlying neural mechanisms are poorly understood. We show that perceptual alternations can be triggered by a transient stimulus presented nearby. The induction was tested for four types of bistable stimuli: structure-from-motion, binocular rivalry, Necker cube, and ambiguous apparent motion. While underlying mechanisms may vary among them, a transient flash induced time-locked perceptual alternations in all cases. The effect showed a dependence on the adaptation to the dominant percept prior to the presentation of a flash. These perceptual alternations show many similarities to perceptual disappearances induced by transient stimuli (Kanai and Kamitani, 2003 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15 664-672; Moradi and Shimojo, 2004 Vision Research 44 449-460). Mechanisms linking these two transient-induced phenomena are discussed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kanai2005,
author = {Kanai, Ryota and Moradi, Farshad and Shimojo, Shinsuke and Verstraten, Frans A.J.},
title = {Perceptual alternation induced by visual transients},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p5245}
}
|
|||||
| Kaur, A.C., Paksoy, N. and Kara, M. | Charcot-Leyden crystals in cervical smear [1] | 1999 | Diagnostic Cytopathology | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: The relationship between dogmatism and the nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was investigated in 84 male and female colloge students. Significant but small nagative correlations were found between Rokeach's Dogmatism scale and two indicators of perceptual ambiguity: Necker cube perspective reversals and binocular retinal rivalry alternations in dominance. The nonrecognition of perceptual ambiguity was discussed within a psychoanalytic ego defense framework. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Kaur1999,
author = {Kaur, A. C. and Paksoy, N. and Kara, M.},
title = {Charcot-Leyden crystals in cervical smear [1]},
booktitle = {Diagnostic Cytopathology},
year = {1999},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0339(199912)21:6%3C433::AID-DC14%3E3.0.CO;2-9}
}
|
|||||
| Kawano, N., Iwamoto, K., Ebe, K., Aleksic, B., Noda, A., Umegaki, H., Kuzuya, M., Iidaka, T. and Ozaki, N. | Slower adaptation to driving simulator and simulator sickness in older adults | 2012 | Aging - Clinical and Experimental Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Background and aims: Methods of assessing driving abilities in the elderly are urgently needed. Although the driving simulator (DS) appears to be a safe and cost-effective method of objectively evaluating driving performance, it may pose adaptation problems for elderly adults. In this study, we examined age-related adaptation deficits on the DS. Methods: Healthy young adults (n=15) and healthy elderly persons (n=17) completed some neuropsychological tests, and then performed a road-tracking task with the DS, which was repeated four times (Trials 1-4). Results: After simulated driving in DS, simulator sickness (SS) was observed in 18.8% of participants. The frequency of SS was 29.4% in elderly adults and 6.7% in young adults, and 17.6% of the elderly participants dropped out of the experiment. Performance on the Necker cube copying task was significantly correlated with the onset of SS. Driving performance also showed a significant interaction between group and trial, for both driving accuracy and vehicle speed. In addition, the performance of elderly adults significantly improved between trials 1 and 4, reaching a plateau in trial 4, whereas that of young adults did not change across trials. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence of slower adaptation to a DS-based driving task by older adults, which was associated with cognitive aging. Age affected driving accuracy and velocity when a road-tracking task was simply repeated. It is concluded that the capacity of elderly people to adapt to DS environments should be taken into consideration when evaluating their performance on DS tasks. (Aging Clin Exp Res 2012; 24: 285-289) ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR (Copyright of Aging Clinical & Experimental Research is the property of Springer Science & Business Media B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kawano2012,
author = {Kawano, Naoko and Iwamoto, Kunihiro and Ebe, Kazutoshi and Aleksic, Branko and Noda, Akiko and Umegaki, Hiroyuki and Kuzuya, Masafumi and Iidaka, Tetsuya and Ozaki, Norio},
title = {Slower adaptation to driving simulator and simulator sickness in older adults},
journal = {Aging - Clinical and Experimental Research},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325260}
}
|
|||||
| Kenji Shoji, Kazunori Kato and Fubito Toyama | 3-D Interpretation of Single Line Drawings Based on Entropy Minimization Principle | 2001 | CVPR | inproceedings | |
| Abstract: The human visual system can interpret two-dimensional (2-D) line drawings like the Necker cube as three-dimensional (3-D) wire frames. On this human ability Thomas Marill presented two important papers. First one proposed the 3-D interpretation model based on the principle to minimize the standard deviation of the angles between line segments in 3-D wire frame (MSDA), and reported the results of simulation experiments. Second one proposed the principle to minimize the description length on the internal representation in visual system. Motivated by Marill?s principle to minimize the description length, we propose a principle to minimize the entropy of angle distribution between line segments in a 3-D wire frame (MEAD), which is more general than the MSDA one. And we implement the principle MEAD using a genetic algorithm (GA) as a simulation program. The results of simulation experiments show that the proposed principle of MEAD is more appropriate than the MSDA and another principle. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{KenjiShoji2001,
author = {Kenji Shoji and Kazunori Kato and Fubito Toyama},
title = {3-D Interpretation of Single Line Drawings Based on Entropy Minimization Principle},
booktitle = {CVPR},
year = {2001}
}
|
|||||
| Kennard, C. | Vision, Illusions, and Reality | 2006 | International Review of Neurobiology | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Since vision is our primary sense, it is not surprising that a large part of the human brain is devoted to processing the image of our visual world to generate visual percept. However, it is wrong to consider that our visual brain always provides us with a percept that is true to the external visual world. Rather, it actively participates in constructing what we see. Our visual percept, obtained from the information it receives from the two eyes, may sometimes be distorted as a result of physiological interactions among neurons in the visual brain due to the pattern of their connections. This is best exemplified by the study of visual illusions, for example, in the Zöllner illusion parallel lines appear bowed or nonparallel when a series of short orthogonal lines are added due to lateral interactions between orientation columns (Fig. 1). Alternatively at other times, distortions arise from the generation of hypotheses by the visual brain about the visual world, for example, when the two-dimensional metastable illusion (Necker cube) is viewed it appears three-dimensional, but its forward face repeatedly changes between two alternatives (Fig. 2). As in the rest of science, these hypotheses may not always be correct and individuals may require other sensory inputs (e.g., tactile) to determine reality. The visual brain also has to restrict what we see since processing all the visual information received by our eyes would require a visual brain many times larger than available to us. We, therefore, focus attention and hence visual processing on a restricted region of the visual world. textcopyright 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Kennard2006,
author = {Kennard, Christopher},
title = {Vision, Illusions, and Reality},
booktitle = {International Review of Neurobiology},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7742(06)74004-1}
}
|
|||||
| Kitanishi, K., Graw, P. and Hole, G. | [Clinico-experimental study of daily variations in depressed patients]. | 1982 | Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie = Archives suisses de neurologie, neurochirurgie et de psychiatrie | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Forty hospitalized depressive patients of both sexes with primary depressive syndrome and concomitant diurnal variations were investigated at defined times with the following method: special questionnaire on subjective evaluation of depressive diurnal variation (TSF), mood scale (Bf-S of v. Zerssen), Necker cube, tests of autonomic function (amount of saliva and circulatory variables), global assessment of the depth of depression.--The quantitative differentiation into diurnal variations of different extents undertaken by means of the TSF were validated by the daily difference of the Bf-S. Between the extent of the depressive diurnal variation and the nosological group as well as the depth of depression no relationship could be found. Also the rate of turning over the Necker cube did not show any alteration in the diurnal rhythmicity. On the other hand, the inverse diurnal rhythmicity of the amount of saliva, also according to the corresponding results in the literature, can be interpreted as influence of the depressive diurnal variation. The resting values of pulse rate and blood pressure followed the diurnal physiological rhythm, but in addition they revealed a quantitative influence of the depressive diurnal variation (amplification). No systematic influences could be demonstrated for the orthostatic values.--The results show that in this methodological procedure only a few variables could be demonstrated to be associated with the depressive diurnal variation. On the other hand, it could be proved that not only mental but also certain autonomic components of the depressive syndrome undergo an alteration with the depressive diurnal variation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kitanishi1982,
author = {Kitanishi, K and Graw, P and Hole, G},
title = {[Clinico-experimental study of daily variations in depressed patients].},
journal = {Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie = Archives suisses de neurologie, neurochirurgie et de psychiatrie},
year = {1982},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4658}
}
|
|||||
| KJELLBERG, A. | Effects of sleep deprivation on voluntarily controlled reversal rate of ambiguous figures | 1974 | Scandinavian Journal of Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Studied the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on the reversal ratebackslashnof the Necker cube and Rubin's vase-faces figure with instructionsbackslashnto 16 paid undergraduate Ss both to maximize and to minimize thebackslashnrate. 3 viewing conditions were used: free eye movements, eyes onbackslashna fixation point, and reversals of an afterimage of the figure. SDbackslashnincreased the rate under minimizing instructions and decreased thebackslashnrate under maximizing instructions. Results are interpreted in termsbackslashnof an accelerated satiation process and an impairment of attentionalbackslashncontrol. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{KJELLBERG1974,
author = {KJELLBERG, ANDERS},
title = {Effects of sleep deprivation on voluntarily controlled reversal rate of ambiguous figures},
journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Psychology},
year = {1974},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1974.tb00569.x}
}
|
|||||
| Klapp, S.T. and Jagacinski, R.J. | Gestalt Principles in the Control of Motor Action | 2011 | Psychological Bulletin | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We argue that 4 fundamental gestalt phenomena in perception apply to the control of motor action. First, a motor gestalt, like a perceptual gestalt, is holistic in the sense that it is processed as a single unit. This notion is consistent with reaction time results indicating that all gestures for a brief unit of action must be programmed prior to initiation of any part of the movement. Additional reaction time results related to initiation of longer responses are consistent with processing in terms of a sequence of indivisible motor gestalts. Some actions (e.g., many involving coordination of the hands) can be carried out effectively only if represented as a unitary gestalt. Second, a perceptual gestalt is independent of specific sensory receptors, as evidenced by perceptual constancy. In a similar manner a motor gestalt can be represented independently of specific muscular effectors, thereby allowing motor constancy. Third, just as a perceptual pattern (e.g., a Necker cube) is exclusively structured into only 1 of its possible configurations at any moment in time, processing prior to action is limited to 1 motor gestalt. Fourth, grouping in apparent motion leads to stream segregation in visual and auditory perception; this segregation is present in motor action and is dependent on the temporal rate. We discuss congruence of gestalt phenomena across perception and motor action (a) in relation to a unitary perceptual-motor code, (b) with respect to differences in the role of awareness, and (c) in conjunction with separate neural pathways for conscious perception and motor control. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Klapp2011,
author = {Klapp, Stuart T. and Jagacinski, Richard J.},
title = {Gestalt Principles in the Control of Motor Action},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022361}
}
|
|||||
| Kogo, N., Hermans, L., Stuer, D., van Ee, R. and Wagemans, J. | Temporal dynamics of different cases of bi-stable figure-ground perception | 2015 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Segmentation of a visual scene in "figure" and "ground" is essential for perception of the three-dimensional layout of a scene. In cases of bi-stable perception, two distinct figure-ground interpretations alternate over time. We were interested in the temporal dynamics of these alternations, in particular when the same image is presented repeatedly, with short blank periods in-between. Surprisingly, we found that the intermittent presentation of Rubin's classical "face-or-vase" figure, which is frequently taken as a standard case of bi-stable figure-ground perception, often evoked perceptual switches during the short presentations and stabilization was not prominent. Interestingly, bi-stable perception of Kanizsa's anomalous transparency figure did strongly stabilize across blanks. We also found stabilization for the Necker cube, which we used for comparison. The degree of stabilization (and the lack of it) varied across stimuli and across individuals. Our results indicate, against common expectation, that the stabilization phenomenon cannot be generally evoked by intermittent presentation. We argue that top-down feedback factors such as familiarity, semantics, expectation, and perceptual bias contribute to the complex processes underlying the temporal dynamics of bi-stable figure-ground perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kogo2015,
author = {Kogo, Naoki and Hermans, Lore and Stuer, David and van Ee, Raymond and Wagemans, Johan},
title = {Temporal dynamics of different cases of bi-stable figure-ground perception},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.029}
}
|
|||||
| KOLERS, P.A. | APPARENT MOVEMENT OF A NECKER CUBE. | 1964 | The American journal of psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It is shown that an intermittently presented cube "changes" much more than a continuously presented one. Rate of reversal of a Necker cube was studied under 3 conditions: the cube remaining stationary, the cube moved physically, and the cube alternated in place. Ss for the experiments on apparent movement were Naval enlisted men, aged 18-24. For the experiment on real movement, 10 Harvard undergraduates served as Ss. High-contrast photographs were presented to the light-adapted eye and photographic negatives to the dark-adapted eye. Qualitative data on the disappearance of apparent movement are reported. Findings pointed to differences between forms of figural displacements and between perception of real and apparent movement and suggested the sequential nature of visual information processing. Drawing of test-forms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA ) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{KOLERS1964,
author = {KOLERS, P. A.},
title = {APPARENT MOVEMENT OF A NECKER CUBE.},
journal = {The American journal of psychology},
year = {1964},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1420128}
}
|
|||||
| Kool, V.K. and Nisha, B. | Satiation of orientation as related to personality variables | 1973 | Behaviorometric | article | |
| Abstract: Studied the relationship between the number of reported reversalsbackslashnof a Necker cube at 3 different presentation rates (115, 200, orbackslashn333 msec) and scores on Sinha's adaptation of the Taylor ManifestbackslashnAnxiety scale, an Indian version of the Maudsley Personality Inventory,backslashnand a measure of authoritarianism. 291 undergraduates with high andbackslashnlow scores on the 3 personality measures served as Ss. Results showbackslashnthat the satiation build-up of nonauthoritarians, extraverts, lowbackslashnanxiety, and low neurotic Ss was higher (more reported reversals)backslashnthan for authoritarians, introverts, and high anxiety and neuroticbackslashnSs. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kool1973,
author = {Kool, V K and Nisha, B},
title = {Satiation of orientation as related to personality variables},
journal = {Behaviorometric},
year = {1973}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | A new "Necker Cube" EEG paradigm reveals low level mechanisms in perceptual disambiguation [BibTeX] |
2003 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2003,
author = {Kornmeier, Juergen and Bach, Michael},
title = {A new "Necker Cube" EEG paradigm reveals low level mechanisms in perceptual disambiguation},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2003},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.502}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | Early neural activity in Necker-cube reversal: Evidence for low-level processing of a gestalt phenomenon | 2004 | Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Normally we experience the visual world as stable. Ambiguous figures provide a fascinating exception: On prolonged inspection, the "Necker cube" undergoes a sudden, unavoidable reversal of its perceived front-back orientation. What happens in the brain when spontaneously switching between these equally likely interpretations? Does neural processing differ between an endogenously perceived reversal of a physically unchanged ambiguous stimulus and an exogenously caused reversal of an unambiguous stimulus? A refined EEG paradigm to measure such endogenous events uncovered an early electrophysiological correlate of this spontaneous reversal, a negativity beginning at 160 ms. Comparing across nine electrode locations suggests that this component originates in early visual areas. An EEG component of similar shape and scalp distribution, but 50 ms earlier, was evoked by an external reversal of unambiguous figures. Perceptual disambiguation seems to be accomplished by the same structures that represent objects per se, and to occur early in the visual stream. This suggests that low-level mechanisms play a crucial role in resolving perceptual ambiguity. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2004,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Bach, Michael},
title = {Early neural activity in Necker-cube reversal: Evidence for low-level processing of a gestalt phenomenon},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8986.2003.00126.x}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | The Necker cube - An ambiguous figure disambiguated in early visual processing | 2005 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: How can our percept spontaneously change while the observed object stays unchanged? This happens with ambiguous figures, like the Necker cube. Explanations favor either bottom-up factors in early visual processing, or top-down factors near awareness. The EEG has a high temporal resolution, so event related potentials (ERPs) may help to throw light on these alternative explanations. However, the precise point in time of neural correlates of perceptual reversal is difficult to estimate. We developed a paradigm that overcomes this problem and found an early (120 ms) occipital ERP signal correlated with endogenous perceptual reversal. Parallels of ambiguous-figure-reversal to binocular-rivalry-reversals are explored. textcopyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2005,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Bach, Michael},
title = {The Necker cube - An ambiguous figure disambiguated in early visual processing},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.10.006}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | Bistable perception - along the processing chain from ambiguous visual input to a stable percept | 2006 | International Journal of Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The observation of an ambiguous figure leads to spontaneous perceptual reversals while the observed picture stays unchanged. Some ERP studies on ambiguous figures report a P300-like component correlated with perceptual reversals supporting a top-down explanation, while other studies found early visual ERP components supporting a bottom-up explanation. Based on an experimental paradigm that permits a high temporal resolution of the endogenous reversal event, we compared endogenous Necker-cube reversals with exogenously-induced reversals of unambiguous cube variants. For both reversal types, we found a chain of ERP components with the following characteristics: (1) An early occipital ERP component (130�ms) is restricted to endogenous reversals. (2) All subsequent components also appear with exogenously-induced reversals, however 40-90�ms earlier than their endogenous counterparts. (3) The latency difference between reversal types is also reflected in the timing of manual reactions, which occur 100-130�ms after P300-like components. The results suggest that the P300-like component is the same as found in other ERP studies on ambiguous figures. This component does not reflect the reversal per se, but rather its cognitive analysis, 300�ms after a change of the representation in early visual areas. The presented ERP chains integrate the different ERP results and allow to pinpoint the steps where top-down mechanisms begin to exert their influence. textcopyright 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2006,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Bach, Michael},
title = {Bistable perception - along the processing chain from ambiguous visual input to a stable percept},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.04.007}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | Object perception: When our brain is impressed but we do not notice it | 2009 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Although our eyes receive incomplete and ambiguous information, our perceptual system is usually able to successfully construct a stable representation of the world. In the case of ambiguous figures, however, perception is unstable, spontaneously alternating between equally possible outcomes. The present study compared EEG responses to ambiguous figures and their unambiguous variants. We found that slight figural changes, which turn ambiguous figures into unambiguous ones, lead to a dramatic difference in an ERP ("event-related potential") component at around 400 ms. This result was obtained across two different categories of figures, namely the geometric Necker cube stimulus and the semantic Old/Young Woman face stimulus. Our results fit well into the Bayesian inference concept, which models the evaluation of a perceptual interpretation's reliability for subsequent action planning. This process seems to be unconscious and the late EEG signature may be a correlate of the outcome. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2009,
author = {Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M.},
title = {Object perception: When our brain is impressed but we do not notice it},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/9.1.7}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J., Pfaffle, M. and Bach, M. | Necker cube: Stimulus-related (low-level) and percept-related (high-level) EEG signatures early in occipital cortex | 2011 | J Vis | article | DOI |
| Abstract: During observation of an ambiguous Necker cube, our percept changes spontaneously although the external stimulus does not. An EEG paradigm allowing time-resolved EEG measurement during endogenous perceptual reversals recently revealed a chain of ERP correlates beginning with an early occipital positivity at around 130 ms (Reversal Positivity, "RP"). In order to better understand the functional role of this RP, we investigated its relation to the P100, which is spatiotemporally close, typically occurring 100 ms after onset of a visual stimulus at occipital electrodes. We compared the relation of the ERP amplitudes to varying sizes of ambiguous Necker cubes. The main results are: (1) The P100 amplitude increases monotonically with stimulus size but is independent of the participants' percept. (2) The RP, in contrast, is percept-related and largely unaffected by stimulus size. (3) A similar pattern to RP was found for reaction times: They depend on the percept but not on stimulus size. We speculate that the P100 reflects processing of elementary visual features, while the RP is related to a processing conflict during 3D interpretation that precedes a reversal. The present results indicate that low-level visual processing (related to stimulus size) and (relative) high-level processing (related to perceptual reversal) occur in close spatial and temporal vicinity. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2011,
author = {Kornmeier, J and Pfaffle, M and Bach, M},
title = {Necker cube: Stimulus-related (low-level) and percept-related (high-level) EEG signatures early in occipital cortex},
journal = {J Vis},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/11.9.12}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J. and Bach, M. | EEG correlates of perceptual reversals in Boring's ambiguous old/young woman stimulus | 2014 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Ambiguous figures attract observers because perception alternates between different interpretations while the sensory information stays unchanged. Understanding the underlying processes is difficult because the precise time instant of this endogenous reversal event needs to be known but?is difficult to measure. Presenting ambiguous figures discontinuously and using stimulus onset as estimation of the reversal event increased temporal resolution and provided a series of well-confirmed EEG signatures. In the current EEG study we used this 'onset paradigm' for the first time with Boring's old/young woman stimulus. We found an early occipital event-related potential (ERP) correlate of reversals between the perception of the old woman and the perception of the young woman that fits well with previous ERP findings. This component was not followed by the often-reported occipito-parietal Reversal Negativity at 260?ms, but instead by an occipito-temporal N170, that is typically reported with face stimuli. We interpret our results as follows: ambiguity conflicts take place during processing of?stimulus elements in early visual areas roughly 130?ms after stimulus onset. The disambiguation?of these elements and their assembly to object 'gestalts' result from an interplay between early visual and object-specific brain areas in a temporal window between 130 and 260?ms after stimulus onset. In?the particular case of Boring's old/young woman the processes of element disambiguation and gestalt construction are already finished at 170?ms and, thus, 90?ms earlier than in the case of ambiguous geometric figures (eg?Necker cube or Schroeder staircase) or of binocular rivalrous gratings. Keywords: multistable perception, bistable perception, perceptual ambiguity, onset paradigm, ambiguous figures, old/young woman, Necker cube, EEG, ERP, Reversal Positivity, Reversal Negativity | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2014,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Bach, Michael},
title = {EEG correlates of perceptual reversals in Boring's ambiguous old/young woman stimulus},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p7741}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J., Wörner, R. and Bach, M. | Can I trust in what I see? EEG evidence for a cognitive evaluation of perceptual constructs | 2016 | Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Environmental information available to our senses is incomplete and to varying degrees ambiguous. It has to be disambiguated in order to construct stable and reliable percepts. Ambiguous figures are artificial examples where perception is maximally unstable and alternates between possible interpretations. Tiny low-level changes can disambiguate an ambiguous figure and thus stabilize percepts. The present study compares ERPs evoked by ambiguous stimuli and disambiguated stimulus variants across three visual categories: geometry (Necker cube), motion (stroboscopic alternative motion stimulus, SAM) and semantics (Boring's old/young woman). We found that (a) disambiguated stimulus variants cause stable percepts and evoke two huge positive ERP excursions (Cohen's effect sizes 1�2), (b) the amplitudes of these ERP effects are inversely related to the degree of stimulus ambiguity, and (c) this pattern of results is consistent across all three tested visual categories. This generality across visual categories points to mechanisms at a very abstract (cognitive) level of processing. We discuss our results in the context of a high-level Bayesian inference unit that evaluates the reliability of perceptual processing results, given a priori incomplete, ambiguous sensory information. The ERP components may reflect the outcome of this reliability estimation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2016,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Wörner, Rike and Bach, Michael},
title = {Can I trust in what I see? EEG evidence for a cognitive evaluation of perceptual constructs},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12702}
}
|
|||||
| Kornmeier, J., Wörner, R., Riedel, A. and Van Elst, L.T. | A different view on the necker cube�Differences in multistable perception dynamics between Asperger and non-Asperger observers | 2017 | PLoS ONE | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Background | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Kornmeier2017,
author = {Kornmeier, Jürgen and Wörner, Rike and Riedel, Andreas and Van Elst, Ludger Tebartz},
title = {A different view on the necker cube�Differences in multistable perception dynamics between Asperger and non-Asperger observers},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189197}
}
|
|||||
| Kurovskaya, M., Runnova, A., Zhuravlev, M., Grubov, V., Koronovskii, A., Pavlov, A. and Pisarchik, A. | Intermittency in electric brain activity in the perception of ambiguous images | 2017 | Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: textcopyright 2016 SPIE. Present paper is devoted to the study of intermittency during the perception of bistable Necker cube image being a good example of an ambiguous object, with simultaneous measurement of EEG. Distributions of time interval lengths corresponding to the left-oriented and right-oriented cube perception have been obtain. EEG data have been analyzed using continuous wavelet transform and it was shown that the destruction of alpha rhythm with accompanying generation of high frequency oscillations can serve as a marker of Necker cube recognition process. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Kurovskaya2017,
author = {Kurovskaya, M.K. and Runnova, A.E. and Zhuravlev, M.O. and Grubov, V.V. and Koronovskii, A.A. and Pavlov, A.N. and Pisarchik, A.N.},
title = {Intermittency in electric brain activity in the perception of ambiguous images},
booktitle = {Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2267825}
}
|
|||||
| Landwehrmeyer, B., Gerling, J. and Wallesch, C.W. | Patterns of Task-Related Slow Brain Potentials in Dyslexia | 1990 | Archives of Neurology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Six dyslexic youths who met the Hughes and Denckla criteria of "dyslexia pure" and 10 normal control subjects were investigated with DC recordings of task-related cortical negativity using 10 leads over the right and left hemispheres. Potentials were recorded during the following tasks: reading, orthographic error detection, letter series, word assembly, word fluency, finding of antonyms, and viewing of Necker cubes. Both groups exhibited greater right hemisphere negativity during the Necker cube task. Whereas controls revealed greater left hemisphere negativity during linguistic tasks, the reverse was found with dyslexics. The right shift was pronounced with the reading, orthographic error detection, and antonym conditions. Differences between the two groups were also found for the pattern of cortical distribution. We conclude that dyslexia is associated with changes in the lateral distribution of cortical activity during certain types of language processing. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Landwehrmeyer1990,
author = {Landwehrmeyer, Bernhard and Gerling, Jürgen and Wallesch, Claus W.},
title = {Patterns of Task-Related Slow Brain Potentials in Dyslexia},
journal = {Archives of Neurology},
year = {1990},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1990.00530070089015}
}
|
|||||
| Laukkonen, R.E. and Tangen, J.M. | Can observing a Necker cube make you more insightful? | 2017 | Consciousness and Cognition | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It is a compelling idea that an image as simple as a Necker cube, or a duck-rabbit illusion, can reveal something about a person's creativity. Surprisingly, there are now multiple examples showing that people who are better at discovering �hidden' images in a picture, are also better at solving some creative problems. Although this idea goes back at least a century, little is known about how these two tasks�that seem so different on the surface�are related to each other. At least some forms of creativity (and indeed scientific discoveries) may require that we change our perspectives in order to discover a novel solution to a problem. It's possible that such problems involve a similar cognitive process, and perhaps the same cognitive capacities, as switching perspectives in an ambiguous image. We begin by replicating previous work, and also show metacognitive similarities between the sudden appearance of hidden images in consciousness, and the sudden appearance of solutions to verbal insight problems. We then show that simply observing a Necker cube can improve subsequent creative problem-solving and lead to more self-reported insights. We speculate that these results may in part be explained by Conflict Monitoring Theory. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Laukkonen2017,
author = {Laukkonen, Ruben E. and Tangen, Jason M.},
title = {Can observing a Necker cube make you more insightful?},
journal = {Consciousness and Cognition},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.11.011}
}
|
|||||
| Lavie, P., Lawder, K. and Kripke, D.F. | Necker cube and autokinetic illusions after awakening from REM and NONREM sleep: lack of effect | 1977 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Earlier studies demonstrated differential perceptions of the visual illusions, beta movements and spiral aftereffect, following awakening from REM and NONREM sleep. The present study tested the effects of awakening from the two phases of sleep on two additional visual illusions, the Necker cube and autokinetic illusions. 12 young adults were wakened from REM and NONREM sleep and tested on both illusions for three 1-min. trials, within 1 to 2 min. of the awakening. Comparison of the post-REM and post-NONREM illusions indicated a nonsignificant difference between the two waking conditions in the passive spontaneous reversal rates of the Necker cube. Data for the autokinetic illusion were not reported as they were unreliable. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Lavie1977,
author = {Lavie, P and Lawder, K and Kripke, D F},
title = {Necker cube and autokinetic illusions after awakening from REM and NONREM sleep: lack of effect},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1977},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.1.77}
}
|
|||||
| Leptourgos, P., Notredame, C.-E., Jardri, R. and Denève, S. | Perceptual inferences in schizophrenia: A preliminary study on healthy participants | 2015 | European Psychiatry | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Recently, Jardri and Denève proposed that positive symptoms in schizophrenia could be generated by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in brain networks, which leads to circular inference, an aberrant form of inference where messages (bottom up and/or top down) are counted more than once and thus, are overweighted [1]. Moreover, they postulated that psychotic symptoms are caused by a system that "expects what it senses" and as a result attributes extreme weight even to weak sensory evidences. Their hypothesis was then validated by a probabilistic inference task (in prep.). Here, we put forward a new experimental study that could validate the circular inference framework in the domain of visual perception. Initially, we restricted ourselves to healthy controls, whose tendencies for psychotic symptoms were measured using appropriate scales. We investigated the computations performed by perceptual systems when facing ambiguous sensory evidence. In those cases, perception is known to oscillate between two interpretations, a phenomenon known as bistable perception. More specifically, we asked how prior expectations and visual cues affect the dynamics of bistability. Participants looked at a Necker cube that was continuously displayed on the screen and reported their percept every time they heard a sound [2]. We manipulated sensory evidence by adding shades to the stimuli and prior expectations by giving different instructions concerning the presence of an implicit bias [3]. We showed that both prior expectations and visual cues significantly affect bistability, using both static and dynamic measures. We also found that the behavior could be well fitted by Bayesian models ("simple" Bayes, hierarchical Bayesian model with Markovian statistics). Preliminary results from patients will also be presented. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Leptourgos2015,
author = {Leptourgos, Pantelis and Notredame, Charles-Edouard and Jardri, Renaud and Denève, Sophie},
title = {Perceptual inferences in schizophrenia: A preliminary study on healthy participants},
journal = {European Psychiatry},
year = {2015},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.216}
}
|
|||||
| Letourneau, J.E. | The influence of a white noise on the reversibility of the necker cube | 1971 | Optometry and Vision Science | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The subjects hear a sound of 1024 Hz at the intensities of 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 db while looking at a Necker cube. The rate of reversibility of the cube is lowered by sounds of 80 and 90 db. Time of adaptation and retinal rivalry have no effect, while the active or passive attitude of the subjects influences the rate of reversals. textcopyright 1971 American Academy of Optometry. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Letourneau1971,
author = {Letourneau, Jacques E.},
title = {The influence of a white noise on the reversibility of the necker cube},
journal = {Optometry and Vision Science},
year = {1971},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-197107000-00005}
}
|
|||||
| Levander, S.E., Bartfai, A. and Schalling, D. | Regional cortical dysfunction in schizophrenic patients studied by computerized neuropsychological methods | 1985 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 18 RDC-diagnosed schizophrenic patients (11 men, 7 women) were compared to 84 normal men with three computerized neuropsychological methods, assumed to reflect lateralized and frontal cortical functions: (1) Bilateral Finger Tapping and Finger Alternation, (2) Bilateral Trail Making, and (3) passively perceived Necker cube reversals. Schizophrenics differed from normals by (1) inferior Tapping/Alternation but only in the right hand, (2) inferior Trail Making, most pronounced for Form B, and (3) lower frequency of Necker cube reversals. Patients with previous neuroleptic medication and prior psychiatric hospitalizations were inferior in Trail Making and had fewer Necker cube reversals. The findings were interpreted in line with recent models of schizophrenia involving a left-hemisphere dysfunction/over-activation and a frontal dysfunction. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Levander1985,
author = {Levander, S E and Bartfai, A and Schalling, D},
title = {Regional cortical dysfunction in schizophrenic patients studied by computerized neuropsychological methods},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.2.479}
}
|
|||||
| Levine, M. and Spivack, G. | Rate of reversal of the necker cube in diffuse brain injury | 1962 | Journal of Clinical Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: An analysis was made of 3 studies dealing with Necker Cube reversals between brain damaged and other groups. The studies gave comparable results. Age was not a factor in reversals, correlation of intelligence to reversal rate was mentioned as probably low, and the possibility of identifying brain damage Ss on the basis of a low number of reversals was mentioned. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Levine1962,
author = {Levine, Murray and Spivack, George},
title = {Rate of reversal of the necker cube in diffuse brain injury},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
year = {1962},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(196204)18:2%3C122::AID-JCLP2270180204%3E3.0.CO;2-F}
}
|
|||||
| Levy, E.K., Levy, D.E. and Goldberg, M.E. | Art and the brain: The influence of art on Roger Shepard's studies of mental rotation | 2004 | Journal of the History of the Neurosciences | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: This paper explores the influence of visual sources on Roger N. Shepard's 1971 mental rotation experiments and the centrality of ambiguity as one of his experimental and artistic concerns. Sources include Shepard's statements about ambiguity as expressed in the book, Mind Sights, and a recent interview. Parallel investigations of ambiguity by the contemporary artists Al Held and Robert Smithson are considered. Shepard utilized a wide range of visual sources while formulating his experimental design, namely Necker cube illusions, hypnopompic images, René Magritte, and M.C. Escher. In addition, he drew upon key art historical theses of the time, such as Ernst Gombrich's theories about schemas. For Shepard as for Gombrich, the world of appearances is a world of ambiguity. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Levy2004,
author = {Levy, Ellen K. and Levy, David E. and Goldberg, Michael E.},
title = {Art and the brain: The influence of art on Roger Shepard's studies of mental rotation},
booktitle = {Journal of the History of the Neurosciences},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09647040490885510}
}
|
|||||
| Li, Q., Fleming, R.W., Logothetis, N.K. and Keliris, G.A. | Multi-Stable Visual Motion Perception | 2012 | Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Perceptual multi-stability is established when the brain fails to reach a single interpretation of the input from the external world. This issue intrigued scientific minds for more than two hundred years. This phenomenon has been found in vision (Leopold & Logothetis, 1999), audition (Repp, 2007), olfaction (Zhou & Chen, 2009) and speech (Warren & Gregory, 1958). Crucial features are similar within and across modalities (Schwarts et al., 2012). In the visual modality, a number of ambiguous visual patterns have been described such as the Necker cube, motion plaids, and binocular rivalry. Multi-stable stimuli can provide unique insights into visual processing, as changes in perception are decoupled from changes in the stimulus. Understanding of how multi-stable perception occurs might help one to understand visual perception in general. A key question in multi-stable perception is what the brain processes are responsible in the identification and alternation of the percepts. Some investigators suggest that both top-down and bottom-up processes are involved (García Pérez, 1989) but others argue that multi-stable perception does not need high-level processing but happens automatically as low-level competition between the stimulus features (Akman et al., 2009; Wilson et al, 2000). Furthermore, it is well known that changes in stimulus features can bias perception in one or another direction, (Klink, et al., 2012). In order to explore this question, we used multi-stable motion stimuli and specifically moving plaids consisting of three superimposed gratings moving in equidistant directions (difference of 120 deg). These stimuli induce the perception of component and pattern motion simultaneously since any two component gratings bind together and are perceived to move in the opposite direction of the third grating component. We modulated properties of the stimuli such as grating speed and size and recorded the responses of human subjects reporting the direction of the single grating using one of three buttons for each direction. Preliminary results show that perceptual dominance is greatly affected by the selection of grating speeds. Grating size did not greatly change the predominance of the different gratings. We find that gratings with speed closer to physiological values have greater probability to be perceived and that gratings with similar speeds tend to group more often than gratings with different speeds. Further manipulations of other stimulus features like contrast and spatial frequency allow parametric variations of the relative probabilities of different interpretations. Our future goal is to use this information to built models of perceptual alternations using probabilistic inference. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Li2012,
author = {Li, Qinglin and Fleming, Roland W. and Logothetis, Nikos K. and Keliris, Georgios A.},
title = {Multi-Stable Visual Motion Perception},
booktitle = {Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/conf.fncom.2012.55.00058}
}
|
|||||
| Lidberg, L., Levander, S.E., Schalling, D. and Lidberg, Y. | Necker cube reversals, arousal and psychopathy | 1978 | British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Studied Necker cube reversals in a group of 24 arrested men in 3 experimental sessions (2 wks, 1 wk, and immediately before trial). Session 1 was assumed to represent a moderate laboratory stress due to the novelty of the situation, and Session 2 a real-life stress associated with anticipation of appearing in court. Both were superimposed on the sustained real-life stress of being in jail. There were no stress-related changes between the 3 sessions in the rate of apparent change (RAC) of the Necker cube. The intra-S stability of RAC was extremely high. There were significant positive correlations between RAC in all sessions and a psychopathy-related inventory, the Gough Delinquency scale, a precursor of the California Psychological Inventory's Socialization scale. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Lidberg1978,
author = {Lidberg, L. and Levander, S. E. and Schalling, D. and Lidberg, Y.},
title = {Necker cube reversals, arousal and psychopathy},
journal = {British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
year = {1978},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00293.x}
}
|
|||||
| Long, G.M., Toppino, T.C. and Kostenbauder, J.F. | As the cube turns: Evidence for two processes in the perception of a dynamic reversible figure | 1983 | Perception & Psychophysics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The reported reversals of a rotating Necker cube, which changes direction of rotation when a perspective reversal occurs, were examined under a number of conditions. These permitted comparisons of reversal rates within viewing periods, across successive viewing periods within an experimental session, and across successive weekly sessions. In addition, observers viewed either one or two rotating cubes simultaneously within each of the various viewing periods. Clear evidence for a learning effect was obtained in the form of significant savings across successive viewing periods and sessions. At the same time, results from the multiple-cube conditions and from the pattern of reversals within individual viewing periods appeared to be more consistent with a process of neural fatigue. A two-stage model of reversible-figure perception is proposed which is characterized by (1) fatiguing with extended viewing of the two sets of neural channels that underlie the two percepts of the reversible figure, and (2) learning, which helps to establish the organization of the cortical channels as well as moderate channel activity via such processes as attention and strategy. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Long1983,
author = {Long, Gerald M. and Toppino, Thomas C. and Kostenbauder, John F.},
title = {As the cube turns: Evidence for two processes in the perception of a dynamic reversible figure},
journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
year = {1983},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205893}
}
|
|||||
| Long, G.M., Toppino, T.C. and Mondin, G.W. | Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures | 1992 | Perception & Psychophysics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Subjects viewed unambiguous versions of both stationary and rotating Necker cube illusions for varying durations prior to the presentation of the standard ambiguous figure. In each case, the subjects were more likely to report the ambiguous figure to be (1) in the same configuration as that of the preceding prime following brief preexposure periods and (2) in the opposite configuration from that of the preceding prime following long preexposure periods. In addition, the number of reversals of the figure during the test period was also strongly related to the duration of the preexposure period, with progressively fewer reversals reported following longer preexposure periods. The results are interpreted as revealing the concurrent roles of "set" effects in the brief preexposure conditions and neural fatigue effects in the long preexposure conditions. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed two-process model to integrate the myriad of empirical effects in the reversible-figure literature is emphasized. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Long1992,
author = {Long, Gerald M. and Toppino, Thomas C. and Mondin, Gregory W.},
title = {Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures},
journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211697}
}
|
|||||
| Long, G.M. and Toppino, T.C. | A new twist on the rotating-trapezoid illusion: evidence for neural-adaptation effects. | 1994 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In a series of experiments, the selective-adaptation paradigm was applied to the rotating-trapezoid illusion in an effort to demonstrate neural-adaptation effects in the figural reversal of this classic illusion. Prior to viewing the standard trapezoid, the observer adapted to a rectangle rotating unambiguously in the same direction as the trapezoid or in the opposite direction. In accordance with the neural hypothesis, illusion strength was greatest when the two figures rotated in the same direction and weakest when the two figures rotated in opposite directions. Results were confirmed with two separate dependent variables: the observer's 'first look' at the illusion after adaptation and the observer's reversal rate during a test period. These findings were discussed in terms of (a) the basic similarity of results for the rotating trapezoid and reversible figures such as the Necker cube and (b) the need for a multiprocess model of both classes of illusions which emphasizes bottom-up and top-down processes. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Long1994,
author = {Long, G. M. and Toppino, T. C.},
title = {A new twist on the rotating-trapezoid illusion: evidence for neural-adaptation effects.},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1994},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p230619}
}
|
|||||
| Long, G.M. and Moran, C.J. | How to keep a reversible figure from reversing: Teasing out top-down and bottom-up processes | 2007 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The nature of processes underlying our perception of reversible figures was examined through two experiments investigating the effects of prior exposure conditions on an observer's report of figural reversal. In experiment 1, observers were adapted over several minutes to an unambiguous version of a rotating Necker cube prior to the presentation of the standard ambiguous figure. Results indicated that adaptation produced an immediate bias to perceive the ambiguous figure in the opposite configuration (ie reverse bias) and to reduce reports of reversal over the test period. The introduction of a brief delay between the adaptation and test periods revealed that this bias is a highly transient effect and is only clearly evident when the adaptation and test figures are matched in size. In experiment 2, observers were primed with an unambiguous figure for a few seconds prior to the presentation of the standard ambiguous figure. In this case, the obtained bias strongly favored the observer's reporting the ambiguous figure to be in the same configuration as the adapting figure (ie positive bias); and neither introducing a delay period nor changing figure size had any effect. We conclude that these experiments reveal the distinct roles of transient, retinally localized neural processes as well as more stable, global processes under specifiable conditions. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Long2007,
author = {Long, Gerald M. and Moran, Cindy J.},
title = {How to keep a reversible figure from reversing: Teasing out top-down and bottom-up processes},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p5630}
}
|
|||||
| Ludwig, K., Weilnhammer, V.A., Pastukhov, A., Sterzer, P. and Hesselmann, G. | Interocular suppression eliminates the processing of perceptual ambiguity | 2012 | European Conference on Visual Perception | inproceedings | |
| Abstract: Ambiguous visual stimuli are often used as a unique window on perception and consciousness. It remains unclear, however, whether conscious perception is a necessary prerequisite for the processing of ambiguity. To address this question, we tested whether an ambiguous stimulus, rendered invisible by interocular suppression (continuous ?ash suppression, CFS), a?ects the perception of subsequently presented visible ambiguous stimuli. In a 2x2 experimental design, a Necker cube was presented either continuously or intermittently to one eye. CFS masks presented to the other eye were either present or absent. When present in the intermittent Necker cube condition, the CFS masks were shown during the stimulus-o? periods. In the continuous condition, CFS masks were shown during the same time intervals as in the intermittent condition while the Necker cube was presented continuously. In this latter condition, the Necker cube was thus constantly present but intermittently suppressed from awareness by CFS. As could be shown by comparing distributions of dominance times, the number of perceptual switches, and the probability of perceptual reappearance of the last dominant percept across conditions perception of the Necker cube remained una?ected by periods of invisible stimulus presentation. This suggests that perceptual ambiguity is not processed during interocular suppression. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Ludwig2012,
author = {Ludwig, Karin and Weilnhammer, Veith A. and Pastukhov, Alexander and Sterzer, Philipp and Hesselmann, Guido},
title = {Interocular suppression eliminates the processing of perceptual ambiguity},
booktitle = {European Conference on Visual Perception},
year = {2012}
}
|
|||||
| Mahmoud, G. and Lachapelle, J.M. | Evaluation of the protective value of an antisolvent gel by laser Doppler flowmetry and histology | 1985 | Contact Dermatitis | article | DOI |
| Abstract: ? 2015 a Pion publication.Perception of ambiguous figures is unstable and alternates repeatedly between possible interpretations. Some approaches to explaining this phenomenon have, so far, assumed low-level bottom-up mechanisms like adaptation and mutual inhibition of underlying neural assemblies. In contrast, less precise top-down approaches assume high-level attentional control mechanisms generalised across sensory modalities. In the current work we focused on specific aspects of the top-down approach. In a first study we used dwell times (periods of transiently stable percepts) and the parameters of dwell time distribution functions to compare the dynamics of perceptual alternations between visual (Necker cube) and auditory ambiguity (verbal transformation effect). In a second study we compared the endogenous alternation dynamics of the Necker cube with parameters from two attention tasks with different regimes of temporal dynamics. The first attention task (d2) is characterised by endogenous self-paced dynamics, similar to the dynamics underlying perceptual alternations of ambiguous figures, and we found clear correlations between dwell time parameters (Necker cube) and processing speed (d2 task). The temporal dynamics of the second (go/no?go) attention task, in contrast, are exogenously governed by the stimulus protocol, and we found no statistically significant correlation with the Necker cube data. Our results indicate that both perceptual instability and higher-level attentional tasks are linked to endogenous brain dynamics on a global coordinating level beyond sensory modalities. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Mahmoud1985,
author = {Mahmoud, G. and Lachapelle, J. M.},
title = {Evaluation of the protective value of an antisolvent gel by laser Doppler flowmetry and histology},
journal = {Contact Dermatitis},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb02485.x}
}
|
|||||
| Majumdar, N.S., Pribram, K.H. and Barrett, T.W. | Time frequency characterization of evoked brain activity in multiple electrode recordings | 2006 | IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering | article | DOI |
| Abstract: This paper explores global time frequency approaches to EEG data analysis with the Wigner Distribution Function and the Symmetric Ambiguity Function. The task chosen was to characterize the activity profile of EEG signals in sample Frontal, Central and Occipital electrodes from human subjects, coincident with the perception of a reversal in the orientation of a bistable Necker cube figure. The result of this analysis has implications for blind signal processing as the goal was to identify an unknown input source eliciting the observed EEG signals. The methods demonstrate an internally initiated EEG signal source not tied to a regularly anticipated external source. The results demonstrate the general applicability of the methods for a wide variety of neural and biological signals and systems. The findings can be summarized as the observation of high energy activity patterns in terms of significant dissimilarities in the wave-form, both in time and frequency, in the Frontal and Occipital electrodes, approximately 200�609 ms prior to the appearance of the premotor potentials in the medial electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering is the property of IEEE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Majumdar2006,
author = {Majumdar, Nivedita S. and Pribram, Karl H. and Barrett, Terence W.},
title = {Time frequency characterization of evoked brain activity in multiple electrode recordings},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2006.883733}
}
|
|||||
| Maksimenko, V.A., Runnova, A.E., Zhuravlev, M.O., Makarov, V.V., Nedayvozov, V., Grubov, V.V., Pchelintceva, S.V., Hramov, A.E. and Pisarchik, A.N. | Visual perception affected by motivation and alertness controlled by a noninvasive brain-computer interface | 2017 | PLoS ONE | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The influence of motivation and alertness on brain activity associated with visual perception was studied experimentally using the Necker cube, which ambiguity was controlled by the contrast of its ribs. The wavelet analysis of recorded multichannel electroencephalograms (EEG) allowed us to distinguish two different scenarios while the brain processed the ambiguous stimulus. The first scenario is characterized by a particular destruction of alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz) with a simultaneous increase in beta-wave activity (20-30 Hz), whereas in the second scenario, the beta rhythm is not well pronounced while the alpha-wave energy remains unchanged. The experiments were carried out with a group of financially motivated subjects and another group of unpaid volunteers. It was found that the first scenario occurred mainly in the motivated group. This can be explained by the increased alertness of the motivated subjects. The prevalence of the first scenario was also observed in a group of subjects to whom images with higher ambiguity were presented. We believe that the revealed scenarios can occur not only during the perception of bistable images, but also in other perceptual tasks requiring decision making. The obtained results may have important applications for monitoring and controlling human alertness in situations which need substantial attention. On the base of the obtained results we built a brain-computer interface to estimate and control the degree of alertness in real time. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Maksimenko2017,
author = {Maksimenko, Vladimir A. and Runnova, Anastasia E. and Zhuravlev, Maksim O. and Makarov, Vladimir V. and Nedayvozov, Vladimir and Grubov, Vadim V. and Pchelintceva, Svetlana V. and Hramov, Alexander E. and Pisarchik, Alexander N.},
title = {Visual perception affected by motivation and alertness controlled by a noninvasive brain-computer interface},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188700}
}
|
|||||
| Maloney, L.T., Martello, M.F.D., Sahm, C. and Spillmann, L. | Past trials influence perception of ambiguous motion quartets through pattern completion | 2005 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | article | DOI |
| Abstract: There are many celebrated examples of ambiguous perceptual configurations such as the Necker cube that abruptly and repeatedly "switch" among possible perceptual states. When such ambiguous configurations are presented intermittently, observers tend to see the same perceptual state on successive trials. The outcome of each trial apparently serves to "prime" the outcome of the following. We sought to determine how long the influence of a past trial persists by using ambiguous motion quartets as stimuli. We found large, significant effects of all four most recent trials, but the results were not consistent with any priming model. The results could be explained instead as perceptual completion of two kinds of temporal patterns, repeating and alternating. We conclude that the visual system does not passively remember perceptual state: it analyzes recent perceptual history and attempts to predict what will come next. These predictions can alter what is seen. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Maloney2005,
author = {Maloney, L. T. and Martello, M. F. D. and Sahm, C. and Spillmann, L.},
title = {Past trials influence perception of ambiguous motion quartets through pattern completion},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407157102}
}
|
|||||
| Marill, T. | Emulating the human interpretation of line-drawings as three-dimensional objects | 1991 | International Journal of Computer Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The human vision system has the ability to interpret two-dimensional images as three-dimensional objects. In this article, we present a program that emulates this ability for the case of images consisting of line-drawings. As a by-product of the approach, we provide an explanation of the Necker cube illusion. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Marill1991,
author = {Marill, Thomas},
title = {Emulating the human interpretation of line-drawings as three-dimensional objects},
journal = {International Journal of Computer Vision},
year = {1991},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00128154}
}
|
|||||
| Mathes, B., Strüber, D., Stadler, M.A. and Basar-Eroglu, C. | Voluntary control of Necker cube reversals modulates the EEG delta- and gamma-band response | 2006 | Neuroscience Letters | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Reversible figures such as the Necker cube make up a well-known class of visual phenomena in which an invariant stimulus pattern gives rise to at least two different perceptual interpretations. Former EEG studies of our research group demonstrated a reversal-related delta response and a frontal enhancement of gamma activity during multistable perception which has been interpreted as signaling attentional top-down processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional involvement of delta and gamma activity in top-down processes more explicitly by asking 21 healthy participants to bring the reversal rate under voluntary control during viewing of the Necker cube. Slowing down the reversal rate should be accomplished by focussing attention to the currently perceived alternative while speeding up should be accomplished by shifting attention as rapidly as possible from one perspective to the other. EEG was recorded from frontal, central, parietal, and occipital locations of both hemispheres. The data was analysed on the single-sweep level in the delta and gamma frequency range. The results showed that both delta response and gamma power were larger during slowing down than speeding up the reversal rate. These findings may indicate that more attentional resources have to be allocated by the cognitive system in order to prevent a reversal by means of focussed attention than to initiate a reversal by attentional shifts. textcopyright 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Mathes2006,
author = {Mathes, Birgit and Strüber, Daniel and Stadler, Michael A. and Basar-Eroglu, Canan},
title = {Voluntary control of Necker cube reversals modulates the EEG delta- and gamma-band response},
journal = {Neuroscience Letters},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.063}
}
|
|||||
| Matsuda, T., Kitajo, K., Yamaguchi, Y. and Komaki, F. | A point process modeling approach for investigating the effect of online brain activity on perceptual switching | 2017 | NeuroImage | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When watching an ambiguous figure that allows for multiple interpretations, our interpretation spontaneously switches between the possible options. Such spontaneous switching is called perceptual switching and it is modulated by top-down selective attention. In this study, we propose a point process modeling approach for investigating the effects of online brain activity on perceptual switching, where we define online activity as continuous brain activity including spontaneous background and induced activities. Specifically, we modeled perceptual switching during Necker cube perception using electroencephalography (EEG) data. Our method is based on the framework of point process model, which is a statistical model of a series of events. We regard perceptual switching phenomenon as a stochastic process and construct its model in a data-driven manner. We develop a model called the online activity regression model, which enables to determine whether online brain activity has excitatory or inhibitory effects on perceptual switching. By fitting online activity regression models to experimental data and applying the likelihood ratio testing with correction for multiple comparisons, we explore the brain regions and frequency bands with significant effects on perceptual switching. The results demonstrate that the modulation of online occipital alpha activity mediates the suppression of perceptual switching to the non-attended interpretation. Thus, our method provides a dynamic description of the attentional process by naturally accounting for the entire time course of brain activity, which is difficult to resolve by focusing only on the brain activity around the time of perceptual switching. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Matsuda2017,
author = {Matsuda, Takeru and Kitajo, Keiichi and Yamaguchi, Yoko and Komaki, Fumiyasu},
title = {A point process modeling approach for investigating the effect of online brain activity on perceptual switching},
journal = {NeuroImage},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.068}
}
|
|||||
| McBain, R., Norton, D.J., Kim, J. and Chen, Y. | Reduced cognitive control of a visually bistable image in schizophrenia | 2011 | Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Schizophrenia is associated with the inability to control and coordinate thoughts, actions, and perceptions. In conventional assessments of cognitive control, multiple sensory features of stimuli are concomitantly manipulated, introducing a confounding role of bottom-up perceptual information. To overcome this difficulty, we used an ambiguous visual stimulus (Necker cube), which allowed measurement of cognitive control with constant sensory input. Subjects (20 patients, 20 controls) were asked to control their perception of a transparent Necker cube by keeping a designated plane at the front or back of the stimulus, the position of which is perceptually bistable. Patients were highly deficient at controlling their perception of the cube. When a visual feature (the luminance contrast between a designated cube plane and the other planes) was systematically manipulated, an interaction was found whereby schizophrenia patients no longer under-performed on the highest contrast condition. These results show patients' impairment of controlling perception in the absence of visual modulation and suggest the potential utility of perceptually based approaches to cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{McBain2011,
author = {McBain, Ryan and Norton, Daniel J. and Kim, Jejoong and Chen, Yue},
title = {Reduced cognitive control of a visually bistable image in schizophrenia},
journal = {Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000245}
}
|
|||||
| Meng, M. and Tong, F. | Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures | 2004 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It is debated whether different forms of bistable perception result from common or separate neural mechanisms. Binocular rivalry involves perceptual alternations between competing monocular images, whereas ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube lead to alternations between two possible pictorial interpretations. Previous studies have shown that observers can voluntarily control the alternation rate of both rivalry and Necker cube reversal, perhaps suggesting that bistable perception results from a common mechanism of top-down selection. However, according to the biased competition model of selective attention, attention should be able to enhance the attended percept and suppress the unattended percept. Here, we investigated selective attentional modulation of dominance durations in bistable perception. Observers consistently showed much weaker selective attentional control for rivalry than for Necker cube reversal, even for rivalry displays that maximized the opportunities for feature-, object-, or space-based attentional selection. In contrast, nonselective control of alternation rate was comparably strong for both forms of bistable perception and corresponded poorly with estimates of selective attentional control. Our results support the notion that binocular rivalry involves a more automatic, stimulus-driven form of visual competition than Necker cube reversal, and as a consequence, is less easily biased by selective attention. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Meng2004,
author = {Meng, Ming and Tong, Frank},
title = {Can attention selectively bias bistable perception? Differences between binocular rivalry and ambiguous figures},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/4.7.2}
}
|
|||||
| Meyer, G.E. and Howard, C.E. | Texture capture in Necker cubes. | 1994 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Texture capture can be based on illusory contours, stereopsis, outline figures, real movement, and apparent movement. Several figures are presented that demonstrate texture capture by the use of the pictorial depth cues of the Necker cube. The textures seem affixed to the sides of the cube, follow the alternations of the cube, and extend off the picture plane. A concomitant phenomenon is a subjective rarefaction of the texture in the cube. It is suggested that boundary cues determine the assignation of texture to surfaces. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Meyer1994,
author = {Meyer, G. E. and Howard, C. E.},
title = {Texture capture in Necker cubes.},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1994},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p230029}
}
|
|||||
| Mizuno, K., Hirano, K., Kuryu, M., Yamazaki, J. and Tanaka, H. | A case report of uveal tumors metastatic from breast cancer | 1989 | Folia Ophthalmologica Japonica | article | |
| Abstract: Evaluates J. Hochberg's (1981) claim that the impossible figure created by L. Penrose and R. Penrose (1958) and a version of the reversible Necker cube can be used to disprove the basic principle of Gestalt theory that the whole determines the appearance of its parts. It is argued that Hochberg's view that local depth cues, rather than global structure, govern spatial perception is misleading because it ignores the importance of structural unity and assumes that the whole and part are separable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Mizuno1989,
author = {Mizuno, K. and Hirano, K. and Kuryu, M. and Yamazaki, J. and Tanaka, H.},
title = {A case report of uveal tumors metastatic from breast cancer},
journal = {Folia Ophthalmologica Japonica},
year = {1989}
}
|
|||||
| Mosley, J.L. and McKim, M.K. | Developmental view of the reversible perspective phenomenon for retarded and nonretarded individuals | 1973 | American Journal of Mental Deficiency | article | |
| Abstract: Examined the applicability of H. H. Spitz's (see PA, Vol 38:6426)backslashnPostulates I and II, concerning cortical satiation deficit, to retardedbackslashnindividuals for whom the probability of gross and less obvious organicbackslashnetiological involvement is extremely low. The performance of 20 nonorganicbackslashnretarded Ss on the Necker cube reversible figure task was comparedbackslashnto that of an equal MA nonretarded and an equal CA nonretarded groupbackslashn(n = 20 in each). Within the limitations imposed by the use of verbalbackslashnreports as a reflection of the perceptual response, data demonstratebackslashnthat Postulate I (concerning the inducement of change in stimulatedbackslashncortical cells) is not applicable to the nonorganic retarded person.backslashnFindings for Postulate II suggest that factors other than ``cellularbackslashntorpidity'' may account for the significant dissipation effect obtainedbackslashnfor the equal CA nonretarded group but not for the equal MA nonretardedbackslashnor the nonorganic retarded groups studied. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Mosley1973,
author = {Mosley, James L and McKim, Margaret K},
title = {Developmental view of the reversible perspective phenomenon for retarded and nonretarded individuals},
journal = {American Journal of Mental Deficiency},
year = {1973}
}
|
|||||
| Mouri, C. and Chaudhuri, A. | The effect of stimulus interruptions on "fast switchers" and "slow switchers": a neural model for bistable perception | 2010 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Bistable perception is triggered by a physical stimulation that causes fluctuations between two perceptual interpretations. To date, no physiological mechanism has been causally linked to switching events (Einhauser et al., 2008; Hupe et al., 2008), leaving the neural basis of bistability unclear. External interruptions in the stimulus are known to affect perceptual switching rates: with long offsets, stimulus interruptions stabilize the percept, while short offsets trigger destabilization (Noest et al., 2007). The current study explores the latter phenomenon in a Necker cube presented for 600:1200 ms, 900:900 ms, and 1200:600 ms onset:offset durations. Figure-ground contrast varied between 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%. In the flashing conditions, a 100% contrast cube was presented during the "onset phase", followed by a lower contrast cube during the "offset phase". Overall results indicate that destabilization occurs for flashing conditions, though individual results varied. In addition, subjects were evenly split between fast and slow switchers. Slow switchers showed strong biases for one percept, and sensitivity to contrast manipulations. These results suggest a dichotomy between low-level rivalry, of orthogonal orientations for example (Yu et al., 2002), and whole-form perception. Similar patterns have been described in binocular rivalry (Kovacs et al., 1996; Lee & Blake, 1999). Previous research implicates experience (Sakai et al., 1995) and genetic differences (Shannon et al., 2009) to explain why certain individuals experience fast or slow perceptual switching. We discuss our results in the context of noisy neural competition (Marr, 1982; Moreno-Bote et al., 2007). Our neural model makes use of a dynamical system developed by Wilson and Cohen (Wilson, 1999), in which two mutually inhibitory neurons interact. Manipulation of input signal strengths yields broadly similar results to those observed in this psychophysical study, suggesting that input strengths at different levels of processing may explain the divergence between fast and slow switchers. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Mouri2010,
author = {Mouri, C. and Chaudhuri, A.},
title = {The effect of stimulus interruptions on "fast switchers" and "slow switchers": a neural model for bistable perception},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/10.7.339}
}
|
|||||
| Murphy, A.P., Leopold, D.A. and Welchman, A.E. | Perceptual memory drives learning of retinotopic biases for bistable stimuli | 2014 | Frontiers in Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The visual system exploits past experience at multiple timescales to resolve perceptualbackslashrbackslashn ambiguity in the retinal image. For example, perception of a bistable stimulus can bebackslashrbackslashn biased towards one interpretation over another when preceded by a brief presentation of abackslashrbackslashn disambiguated version of the stimulus (positive priming) or through intermittentbackslashrbackslashn presentations of the ambiguous stimulus (stabilization). Similarly, prior presentations ofbackslashrbackslashn unambiguous stimuli can be used to explicitly �train� a long-lasting association betweenbackslashrbackslashn a percept and a retinal location (perceptual association). These phenonema have typicallybackslashrbackslashn been regarded as independent processes, with short-term biases attributed to perceptualbackslashrbackslashn memory and longer-term biases described as associative learning. Here we tested forbackslashrbackslashn interactions between these two forms of experience-dependent perceptual bias andbackslashrbackslashn demonstrate that short-term processes strongly influence long-term outcomes. We firstbackslashrbackslashn demonstrate that the establishment of long-term perceptual contingencies does not requirebackslashrbackslashn explicit training by unambiguous stimuli, but can arise spontaneously during the periodicbackslashrbackslashn presentation of brief, ambiguous stimuli. Using rotating Necker cube stimuli, webackslashrbackslashn observed enduring, retinotopically specific perceptual biases that were expressed frombackslashrbackslashn the outset and remained stable for up to forty minutes, consistent with the knownbackslashrbackslashn phenomenon of perceptual stabilization. Further, bias was undiminished after a breakbackslashrbackslashn period of five minutes, but was readily reset by interposed periods of continuous, asbackslashrbackslashn opposed to periodic, ambiguous presentation. Taken together, the results demonstrate thatbackslashrbackslashn perceptual biases can arise naturally and may principally reflect the brain's tendency tobackslashrbackslashn favor recent perceptual interpretation at a given retinal location. Further, they suggest thatbackslashrbackslashn an association between retinal location and perceptual state, rather than a physical stimulus, is sufficient to generate long-term biases in perceptual organization. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Murphy2014,
author = {Murphy, Aidan P. and Leopold, David A. and Welchman, Andrew E.},
title = {Perceptual memory drives learning of retinotopic biases for bistable stimuli},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00060}
}
|
|||||
| Nakatani, H. and Van Leeuwen, C. | Individual differences in perceptual switching rates; The role of occipital alpha and frontal theta band activity | 2005 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Prolonged presentation of visually ambiguous figures leads to perceptual switching. Individual switching rates show great variability. The present study compares individuals with high versus low switching rates by investigating human scalp electroencephalogram and blink rates. Eight subjects viewed the Necker cube continuously and responded to perceptual switching by pressing a button. Frequent switchers showed characteristic occipital alpha and frontal theta band activity prior to a switch, whereas infrequent switchers did not. The alpha activity was specific to switching, the theta activity was generic to perceptual processing conditions. A negative correlation was observed between perceptual switching and blink rates. These results suggest that the ability to concentrate attentional effort on the task is responsible for the differences in perceptual switching rates. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Nakatani2005,
author = {Nakatani, Hironori and Van Leeuwen, Cees},
title = {Individual differences in perceptual switching rates; The role of occipital alpha and frontal theta band activity},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-005-0011-2}
}
|
|||||
| Nakatani, H. and Van Leeuwen, C. | Transient synchrony of distant brain areas and perceptual switching in ambiguous figures | 2006 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We studied the relationship between perceptual switching in the Necker cube and long-distance transient phase synchronization in EEG. Transient periods of response related synchrony between parietal and frontal areas were observed. They start 800-600, ms prior to the switch response and occur in pairs. Four types of pairs could be distinguished, two of which are accompanied by transient alpha band activity in the occipital area. The results indicate that perceptual switching processes involve parietal and frontal areas; these are the ones that are normally associated with various cognitive processes. Sensory information in the visual areas is involved in some, but not in all, of switching processes. The intrinsic variability, as well as the participating areas, points to the role of strategic cognitive processes in perceptual switching. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Nakatani2006,
author = {Nakatani, Hironori and Van Leeuwen, Cees},
title = {Transient synchrony of distant brain areas and perceptual switching in ambiguous figures},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-006-0057-9}
}
|
|||||
| Nakatani, H., Orlandi, N. and Van Leeuwen, C. | Precisely timed oculomotor and parietal EEG activity in perceptual switching | 2011 | Cognitive Neurodynamics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Blinks and saccades cause transient interruptions of visual input. To investigate how such effects influence our perceptual state, we analyzed the time courses of blink and saccade rates in relation to perceptual switching in the Necker cube. Both time courses of blink and saccade rates showed peaks at different moments along the switching process. A peak in blinking rate appeared 1,000�ms prior to the switching responses. Blinks occurring around this peak were associated with subsequent switching to the preferred interpretation of the Necker cube. Saccade rates showed a peak 150�ms prior to the switching response. The direction of saccades around this peak was predictive of the perceived orientation of the Necker cube afterwards. Peak blinks were followed and peak saccades were preceded by transient parietal theta band activity indicating the changing of the perceptual interpretation. Precisely-timed blinks, therefore, can initiate perceptual switching, and precisely-timed saccades can facilitate an ongoing change of interpretation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Nakatani2011,
author = {Nakatani, Hironori and Orlandi, Nicoletta and Van Leeuwen, Cees},
title = {Precisely timed oculomotor and parietal EEG activity in perceptual switching},
journal = {Cognitive Neurodynamics},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-011-9168-7}
}
|
|||||
| Nakatani, H. and van Leeuwen, C. | Antecedent occipital alpha band activity predicts the impact of oculomotor events in perceptual switching | 2013 | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Oculomotor events such as blinks and saccades transiently interrupt the visual input and, even though this mostly goes undetected, these brief interruptions could still influence the percept. In particular, both blinking and saccades facilitate switching in ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube. To investigate the neural state antecedent to these oculomotor events during the perception of an ambiguous figure, we measured the human scalp electroencephalogram (EEG). When blinking led to perceptual switching, antecedent occipital alpha band activity exhibited a transient increase in amplitude. When a saccade led to switching, a series of transient increases and decreases in amplitude was observed in the antecedent occipital alpha band activity. Our results suggest that the state of occipital alpha band activity predicts the impact of oculomotor events on the percept. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Nakatani2013,
author = {Nakatani, Hironori and van Leeuwen, Cees},
title = {Antecedent occipital alpha band activity predicts the impact of oculomotor events in perceptual switching},
journal = {Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2013.00019}
}
|
|||||
| Necker, C.T., Doherty, R.D. and Rollett, A.D. | Cube texture generation dependence on deformation textures in cold rolled OFE copper | 1994 | Materials Science Forum | article | |
| Abstract: The evolution of the α and β fiber deformation textures in OFE copper for von Mises strains of 1.0 to 4.5 is reported as well as how it affects the generation of cube recrystallization textures. Computational volume fraction analysis of the fibers indicates that the deformation texture evolves evenly along the length of the fibers. Fiber weakening during recrystallization does not occur more selectively in any one component or section of the fiber but occurs relatively evenly across the fiber. Cube grains grow without misorientation preference into the deformed structure. Microtextural analysis of the fully recrystallized samples indicates that the cube component (defined as less than 20� misorientation from 100<001>) not only strengthens with increasing prior strain but also becomes much sharper, more closely aligned with the exact cube position. These results are explained by the evolution of the environment (texture and microstructure) surrounding potential nucleation sites. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Necker1994,
author = {Necker, C T and Doherty, R D and Rollett, A D},
title = {Cube texture generation dependence on deformation textures in cold rolled OFE copper},
journal = {Materials Science Forum},
year = {1994}
}
|
|||||
| Noguerol Seoane, A. and Rifón Lastra, A. | Estudio de la ficoflora epilítica de las paredes graníticas exteriores de la iglesia románica de Sta. María de Fisterra (A Coruña, N.O. España) | 2000 | Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Série B. | article | |
| Abstract: To study the influence of eye movements on the time course of perceptual alternation of ambiguous patterns, we recorded the reversal signals and eye movements of four subjects, during prolonged observations of a Necker cube, under three experimental conditions: unrestricted normal viewing, instruction-restricted normal viewing, and imperfectly stabilized viewing. An important decrease in the frequency of saccadic eye movements and a significant increase in the reversal rates were shown by all subjects under imperfectly stabilized viewing over the normal unrestricted viewing. Moreover, three out of four subjects showed a significant decrease in their reversal rates when changing from the normal to instruction-restricted viewing. Results are discussed in terms of the role and time cost of scanning eye movements in perceptual processes. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{NoguerolSeoane2000,
author = {Noguerol Seoane, A and Rifón Lastra, A},
title = {Estudio de la ficoflora epilítica de las paredes graníticas exteriores de la iglesia románica de Sta. María de Fisterra (A Coruña, N.O. España)},
journal = {Portugaliae Acta Biologica, Série B.},
year = {2000}
}
|
|||||
| Novacek, M.J. | Wandering across time | 1992 | Nature | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning procedures can be used to bias the appearance of physical stimuli. Under natural conditions this form of perceptual learning could cause perception to become more accurate by changing prior belief to be in accord with what is statistically likely. However, for learning to be of functional significance, it must last until similar stimuli are encountered again. Here, we used the apparent rotation direction of a revolving wire frame (Necker) cube to test whether a learned perceptual bias is long lasting. Apparent rotation direction was trained to have a different bias at two different retinal locations by interleaving the presentation of ambiguous cubes with presentation of cubes that were disambiguated by disparity and occlusion cues. Four groups of eight subjects were subsequently tested either 1, 7, 14, or 28. days after initial training, respectively, using a counter-conditioning procedure. All four groups showed incomplete re-learning of the reversed contingency relationship during their second session. One group repeated the counter-conditioning and showed an increase in the reverse bias, showing that the first counter-conditioning session also had a long-lasting effect. The fact that the original learning was still evident four weeks after the initial training is consistent with the operation of a mechanism that ordinarily would improve the accuracy and efficiency of perception. textcopyright 2014 Elsevier Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Novacek1992,
author = {Novacek, Michael J.},
title = {Wandering across time},
booktitle = {Nature},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/358192a0}
}
|
|||||
| O'Brien, C., Harris, M. and Higgs, S. | Effects of alcohol on attentional mechanisms involved in figure reversals | 2013 | Human Psychopharmacology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Objective The impairing effects of alcohol on attention are well documented and are thought to involve inhibitory mechanisms. We used ambiguous figures (Face-Vase and Necker cube) to test whether the intentional control mechanism is more vulnerable to the effects of alcohol than the automatic mechanism. Method: Participants were assigned to an alcohol (Study 1, N=15; Study 2, N=18), placebo (Study 1, N=15; Study 2, N=20) or control (Study 1 only, N=10) group. The doses of alcohol were 0.8g/kg for men and 0.75g/kg for women. Participants were shown the Face-Vase and Necker cube figures and two variants of each, which were biased in varying degrees towards one interpretation. Study 1 assessed the automatic control mechanism by asking participants to report spontaneous reversals. Study 2 assessed the intentional control mechanism by asking participants to increase reversal rate. Results: In Study 1, reversal rate was similar for all groups, whereas in Study 2, the alcohol group reported more reversals than the control group, although this was true only for the biased versions of the Face-Vase illusion. Conclusions: The effect of alcohol on reversal rate is observed only during intentional reversals of semantically meaningful stimuli and only when the stimulus is biased. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{OBrien2013,
author = {O'Brien, Claire and Harris, Mike and Higgs, Suzanne},
title = {Effects of alcohol on attentional mechanisms involved in figure reversals},
journal = {Human Psychopharmacology},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2337}
}
|
|||||
| O'Donnell, B.F., Hendler, T. and Squires, N.K. | Visual Evoked Potentials to Illusory Reversals of the Necker Cube | 1988 | Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Sensory adaptation and cognitive evaluation have been proposed as explanations of illusory figure reversals. The effect of variations in the perceived orientation of a Necker cube on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was studied to test these two hypotheses. VEPs associated with perceptual reversals and non-reversals of a Necker cube were compared with VEPs elicited by a sequence of physically varying cubical figures. Amplitude differences in the early VEP components consistent with adaptation effects were not detected. Both types of reversals were associated with a late positive component (400�700 ms), which was smaller in amplitude in the illusory condition. The late positivity to illusory reversals was also distinguished by a broad (200�700 ms) positive component over frontal and central recording sites which was absent over Oz. These findings suggest that illusory reversals are more difficult to discriminate than physical reversals, and require additional cognitive resources for evaluation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{ODonnell1988,
author = {O'Donnell, B. F. and Hendler, T. and Squires, N. K.},
title = {Visual Evoked Potentials to Illusory Reversals of the Necker Cube},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
year = {1988},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00976.x}
}
|
|||||
| Oh, S. | The eyeglass reversal | 2011 | Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Some figures, such as the Necker cube, are spontaneously reversible between alternative percepts. Before learning those skilled reversals, how do people achieve reversals for the very first time? It has been known that, in the case of a first reversal, people can be expected to see the reversal when given specific information about how the figures are ambiguous. This point was confirmed by using drawing versions of reversible figures. To demonstrate how intention plays a role in the initial reversal of a real object, a pair of regular eyeglasses, reversible in perspective, were presented to naïve observers in monocular vision. When the eyeglasses were viewed inwardly and the observers were given information that the eyeglasses could be ambiguous, they were able to easily see the reversal. When the eyeglasses were viewed outwardly, observers saw it only after they had been informed of exactly what the two alternative percepts were.Interestingly, many observers often mistakenly saw the inwardly viewed eyeglasses as placed outwardly from the beginning of the observation, while they saw the outwardly viewed eyeglasses correctly. Taking these results together, for the first reversal of a real object, the specificity of intention varies with the ambiguity of the object. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Oh2011,
author = {Oh, Songjoo},
title = {The eyeglass reversal},
journal = {Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-011-0116-8}
}
|
|||||
| Oleson, K.E., Keebler, J. and Colombo, G. | The effects of image resolution on an armored vehicle differentiation task | 2011 | Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: a b s t r a c t Our brain continuously evaluates different perceptual interpretations of the available sensory data in order to en-able flexible updates of conscious experience. Individuals' perceptual flexibility can be assessed using ambiguous stimuli that cause our perception to continuously switch between two mutually exclusive interpretations. Neural processes underlying perceptual switching are thought to involve the visual cortex, but also non-sensory brain circuits that have been implicated in cognitive processes, such as frontal and parietal regions. Perceptual flexibil-ity varies strongly between individuals and has been related to dopaminergic neurotransmission. Likewise, there is also considerable individual variability in tasks that require flexibility in cognition, and dopamine-dependent striato-frontal signals have been associated with processes promoting cognitive flexibility. Given the anatomical and neurochemical similarities with regard to perceptual and cognitive flexibility, we here probed whether indi-vidual differences in perceptual flexibility during bistable perception are related to individual cognitive flexibility associated neural correlates. 126 healthy individuals performed rule-based task switching during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reported perceptual switching during the viewing of a modified version of the Necker cube. Mean phase duration as measure of perceptual flexibility correlated with task-switching as-sociated activity in the right putamen as part of the basal ganglia. In addition, we found a tentative correlation between perceptual and cognitive flexibility. These results indicate that individual differences in cognitive flexi-bility and associated fronto-striatal processing contribute to differences in perceptual flexibility. Our findings thus provide empirical support for the general notion of shared mechanisms between perception and cognition. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Oleson2011,
author = {Oleson, Kristin E. and Keebler, Joseph and Colombo, Gian},
title = {The effects of image resolution on an armored vehicle differentiation task},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551291}
}
|
|||||
| Olivier, G. | Controle de la perspective subjective d'une figure ambigue par programmation de son exploration visuelle | 1997 | Année Psychologique | article | |
| Abstract: Studied the role of oculomotor processes in visual image construction,backslashnvisual image generation, and visual recognition of a figure. HumanbackslashnSs: 111 normal French adolescents and adults (aged 16--19 yrs) (publicbackslashnsecondary school students). Ss were presented with a reversible figurebackslashn(i.e., a Necker cube). In Part 1, scanning of the ambiguous figure'sbackslashnoutlines was varied along opposite directions. In Part 2, both perspectivebackslashnpossibilities for the figure were presented simultaneously, and Ssbackslashnhad to recognize the one they scanned. Ss' visual mental image ofbackslashna dynamic vs static shape was assessed as a function of reactionbackslashntime (RT). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Olivier1997,
author = {Olivier, Gerard},
title = {Controle de la perspective subjective d'une figure ambigue par programmation de son exploration visuelle},
journal = {Année Psychologique},
year = {1997}
}
|
|||||
| Olivier, G. and de Mendoza, J.L.J. | Generation of oculomotor images during tasks requiring visual recognition of polygons. | 2001 | Perceptual and Motor Skills | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: This paper concerns the contribution of mentally simulated ocular exploration to generation of a visual mental image. In Exp. 1, repeated exploration of the outlines of an irregular decagon allowed an incidental learning of the shape. Analyses showed subjects memorized their ocular movements rather than the polygon. In Exp. 2, exploration of a reversible figure such as a Necker cube varied in opposite directions. Then, both perspective possibilities are presented. The perspective the subjects recognized depended on the way they explored the ambiguous figure. In both experiments, during recognition the subjects recalled a visual mental image of the polygon they compared with the different polygons proposed for recognition. To interpret the data, hypotheses concerning common processes underlying both motor intention of ocular movements and generation of a visual image are suggested. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Olivier2001,
author = {Olivier, Gerard and de Mendoza, Jean Louis Juan},
title = {Generation of oculomotor images during tasks requiring visual recognition of polygons.},
booktitle = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
year = {2001},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.92.4.1233-1247}
}
|
|||||
| Oonuma, J., Kasai, M., Meguro, M., Akanuma, K., Yamaguchi, S. and Meguro, K. | Necker cube copying may not be appropriate as an examination of dementia: reanalysis from the Tajiri Project | 2016 | Psychogeriatrics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Necker cube is usually used for evaluating the visuoconstructional ability of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. However, the Necker cube is often considered a drawing with a visual illusionary perspective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Necker cube copying could detect participants with MCI due to dementia. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the database of the 1998 prevalence study that was part of the Tajiri Project (n = 599). Pencil drawings of the Necker cube on A4-sized white paper by non-demented people (Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0 and 0.5, n = 256) were classified into two patterns: non-three-dimension (3-D) and 3-D. Two neuropsychologists assessed Necker cube copying according to the criteria of the classification. After the classification, the database of the 2003 incidence study was used according to the subjects' conversion to dementia. RESULTS: In the prevalence study, among those who made a non-3-D drawing of the Necker cube, there were significantly fewer people in the CDR 0 group than in the CDR 0.5 and CDR 1+ groups; similarly, there were significantly fewer people in the CDR 0.5 group than in the CDR 1 + group (chi2 = 32.6, P textless 0.001; post-hoc tests using chi2 tests, CDR 0 textgreater CDR 0.5 textgreater CDR 1+, P textless 0.001). In the incidence study, among those who made a non-3-D drawing of the Necker cube, there were significantly fewer people in the non-converter group than in the converter group (chi2 = 19.9, P textless 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the non-converter group (n = 21) and the converter group (n = 21) when age, sex, educational levels, and Mini-Mental State Examination scores were controlled (chi2 = 0.0, P = 1.000). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that Necker cube copying may evaluate visual illusion as well as visuoconstructional ability. The Necker cube may not be an appropriate test to detect participants with MCI due to dementia. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Oonuma2016,
author = {Oonuma, Jiro and Kasai, Mari and Meguro, Mitsue and Akanuma, Kyoko and Yamaguchi, Satoshi and Meguro, Kenichi},
title = {Necker cube copying may not be appropriate as an examination of dementia: reanalysis from the Tajiri Project},
journal = {Psychogeriatrics},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12161}
}
|
|||||
| Orbach, J. and Zucker, E. | Reversibility of the Necker cube: VI. Effects of interpolating a non-reversing cube. | 1965 | Perceptual and Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Purpose: Many heart failure (HF) patients are currently treated with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for preventing sudden death. Prognostic evaluation in HF is important to predict need for advanced therapies such as heart transplantation or mechanical circulatory support. . The aim of this study was to validate a prognostic score, derived from a meta-analysis, to predict survival in HF patients with an ICD. Methods: The HF Meta-Score includes 10 independent mortality predictors identified in a meta-analysis, including age, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, NYHA, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), renal function, QRS duration, and ICD shocks. The score was validated in 572 ambulatory ICD patients with reduced LVEF seen at a single institution from 2000-1011. The HF Meta-Score performance was evaluated in comparison to the SHOCKED predictors. Results: During a median follow-up of 3 years, 139 patients died. The HF Meta-Score showed excellent calibration with predicted versus observed 1 and 3-year survival of 93% and 81.5% versus 92% and 81.5% respectively. Model discrimination was adequate (c-statistic of 0.704). The HF Meta-Score showed enhanced risk classification when compared to the SHOCKED predictors, with improved discrimination and calibration. The net reclassification improvement was 39%, 55% and 15% in patients categorized as having a 3-year predicted survival of 90-80%, 80-70% and textless 70%, respectively. Conclusion: The HF Meta-Score provides an accurate assessment of survival in ICD HF patients. The excellent calibration and enhanced discriminatory capacity demonstrates the usefulness of the score for clinical decision making. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Orbach1965,
author = {Orbach, J. and Zucker, E.},
title = {Reversibility of the Necker cube: VI. Effects of interpolating a non-reversing cube.},
journal = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
year = {1965},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1965.20.2.470}
}
|
|||||
| Orlandi, N. | Visual switching: The Illusion of instantaneity and visual search | 2012 | Review of Philosophy and Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Abstract This paper questions two prima facie plausible claims concerning switch- ing in the presence of ambiguous figures. The first is the claim that reversing is an instantaneous process. The second is the claim that the ability to reverse demonstrates the interpretive, inferential and constructive nature of visual processing. Empirical studies show that optical and cerebral events related to switching protract in time in a way that clashes with its perceived instantaneity. The studies further suggest an alternative theory of reversing: according to such alternative, seeing the same thing in multiple ways is a matter of uncovering what is already present to the senses through visual search. Our visual world is remarkably stable.We tend to see familiar objects and faces in just one way through time. There are images, however, that defy this stability. Looking at the Necker cube, for example, may cause one to first see the cube oriented in a certain way and then to see it oriented differently. The switch between these two ways of seeing the cube seems to be instantaneous and to be due to the interpretative, constructive and inferential nature of visual processing (Churchland 1989; Fodor 1984; Gregory 1970; Palmer 1999; Rock 1983). This paper questions both of these stances on the phenomenon. It reports on a number of studies that indicate that switching is a process that protracts in time and that involves a number of optical and neurological events. The paper further suggests an alternative account of revers- ing: according to this alternative, moving from seeing an image in one way to seeing it differently is done by engaging in visual search, where attention is paid to different parts of a figure or object and different visual percepts are processed as a result. Reversing does not involve interpreting or constructing. If there is any sense in which the visual system constructs the percept is that the system slowly finds out what is present to the senses and represents it. Evidence in cognitive and developmental psychology that supports this view is reviewed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Orlandi2012,
author = {Orlandi, Nicoletta},
title = {Visual switching: The Illusion of instantaneity and visual search},
journal = {Review of Philosophy and Psychology},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-012-0098-z}
}
|
|||||
| Ouhnana, M. and Kingdom, F.A. | Perceptual-binding in a rotating Necker cube: The effect of context motion and position | 2016 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Previous studies have shown that spatial context influences the perceptual interpretation of ambiguous figures such as the Necker cube; however, the properties that mediate the influences of an unambiguous spatial context have yet to be investigated. Here we consider the effect of the motion and position of an unambiguous rotating skeleton cube on the perceived motion direction of an ambiguous rotating Necker cube. We aimed to determine whether the motion of the two figures could be perceptually bound, and if it could, to determine the properties of the binding. We employed a novel procedure analogous to reverse correlation to establish the correlation between the rotation directions of the context and the perceived rotation directions of the target, across 32�s trial presentations. Our results showed that changes in the rotation direction of the context triggered above-chance changes in the perceived rotation direction of the target. However, the relative speeds of rotation of the context and target had little effect on the correlations. Position on the other hand had a significant effect: correlations were higher when the context was below compared to when above the target. Our results reveal that change-synchrony not common fate is the factor mediating perceptual motion binding between the context and Necker cube. We also suggest that prior knowledge of friction forces could underlie the position dependency of the context and Necker-cube correlation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ouhnana2016,
author = {Ouhnana, Marouane and Kingdom, Frederick A.A.},
title = {Perceptual-binding in a rotating Necker cube: The effect of context motion and position},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.02.005}
}
|
|||||
| Ouhnana, M., Jennings, B.J. and Kingdom, F.A. | Common contextual influences in ambiguous and rivalrous figures | 2017 | PLoS ONE | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Images that resist binocular fusion undergo alternating periods of dominance and suppression, similarly to ambiguous figures whose percepts alternate between two interpretations. It has been well documented that the perceptual interpretations of both rivalrous and ambiguous figures are influenced by their spatio-temporal context. Here we consider whether an identical spatial context similarly influences the interpretation of a similar rivalrous and ambiguous figure. We developed a binocularly rivalrous stimulus whose perceptual experience mirrors that of a Necker cube. We employed a paradigm similar to that of Ouhnana and Kingdom (2016) to correlate the magnitude of influence of context between the rivalrous and ambiguous target. Our results showed that the magnitude of contextual influence is significantly correlated within observers between both binocularly rivalrous and ambiguous target figures. This points to a similar contextual-influence mechanism operating on a common mechanism underlying the perceptual instability in both ambiguous and rivalrous figures. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ouhnana2017,
author = {Ouhnana, Marouane and Jennings, Ben J. and Kingdom, Frederick A.A.},
title = {Common contextual influences in ambiguous and rivalrous figures},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176842}
}
|
|||||
| Ozaki, T.J., Sato, N., Kitajo, K., Someya, Y., Anami, K., Mizuhara, H., Ogawa, S. and Yamaguchi, Y. | Traveling EEG slow oscillation along the dorsal attention network initiates spontaneous perceptual switching | 2012 | Cognitive Neurodynamics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: An ambiguous figure such as the Necker cube causes spontaneous perceptual switching (SPS). The mechanism of SPS in multistable perception has not yet been determined. Although early psychological studies suggested that SPS may be caused by fatigue or satiation of orientation, the neural mechanism of SPS is still unknown. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has shown that the dorsal attention network (DAN), which mainly controls voluntary attention, is involved in bistable perception of the Necker cube. To determine whether neural dynamics along the DAN cause SPS, we performed simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI during an SPS task with the Necker cube, with every SPS reported by pressing a button. This EEG-fMRI integrated analysis showed that (a) 3-4&xA0;Hz spectral EEG power modulation at fronto-central, parietal, and centro-parietal electrode sites sequentially appeared from 750 to 350&xA0;ms prior to the button press; and (b) activations correlating with the EEG modulation traveled along the DAN from the frontal to the parietal regions. These findings suggest that slow oscillation initiates SPS through global dynamics along the attentional system such as the DAN. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ozaki2012,
author = {Ozaki, Takashi J. and Sato, Naoyuki and Kitajo, Keiichi and Someya, Yoshiaki and Anami, Kimitaka and Mizuhara, Hiroaki and Ogawa, Seiji and Yamaguchi, Yoko},
title = {Traveling EEG slow oscillation along the dorsal attention network initiates spontaneous perceptual switching},
journal = {Cognitive Neurodynamics},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11571-012-9196-y}
}
|
|||||
| Pelton, L.H. and Solley, C.M. | Acceleration of reversals of a Necker cube. | 1968 | The American journal of psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Acceleration of reversals during continuous 3-min observation of a Necker cube was found to be greater for Ss who were instructed to switch perspectives as often as possible than for those instructed to hold each perspective for as long as possible. This result showed that acceleration of reversals is not necessarily due to satisfaction since it was argued that satiation would be greater under instructions to "hold." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Pelton1968,
author = {Pelton, L. H. and Solley, C. M.},
title = {Acceleration of reversals of a Necker cube.},
journal = {The American journal of psychology},
year = {1968},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1421064}
}
|
|||||
| Peterson, M.A. and Gibson, B.S. | Directing Spatial Attention Within an Object: Altering the Functional Equivalence of Shape Descriptions | 1991 | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Three experiments extended the demonstrated effects of spatial attention to a new area, the perceptual organization of objects. We manipulated observers' fixation location, their spatial attention location, and their intentions to hold one alternative of a Necker cube that had been altered in one region to favor one of the alternative interpretations (the biased region) and measured reports about the perceived organization of the cube over 30-s trials. Regardless of fixation location, responses showed obligatory effects of the bias only when observers attended to the biased region of the cube and not when they attended to the unbiased region of the cube, even when the biased region lay between fixation and the attended unbiased region. On the basis of these experiments, we argue that spatial attention operates through mechanisms of facilitation and inhibition to determine the functional nature of the structural description of an object. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Peterson1991,
author = {Peterson, Mary A. and Gibson, Bradley S.},
title = {Directing Spatial Attention Within an Object: Altering the Functional Equivalence of Shape Descriptions},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
year = {1991},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.17.1.170}
}
|
|||||
| Peterson, M.A. | The Ambiguity of Mental Images: Insights Regarding the Structure of Shape Memory and Its Function in Creativity | 1993 | Advances in Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Three lines of experimentation have indicated some of the ways in which pictures and images differ: (1) Reed demonstrated that the embedded figures task could not be performed very well in mental imagery; imagery did not seem capable of supporting the repartitioning processes necessary for finding embedded figures. Reed's experiments did not indicate a complete dissociation between imagery and perception. (2) Hinton demonstrated that the memory image of a three-dimensional cube failed to specify its three-dimensional structure precisely. (3) Chambers and Reisberg demonstrated that observers who saw only one interpretation of Jastrow's duck/ rabbit, when viewing a picture, were unable to reverse their mental image from duck to rabbit (or vice versa); this finding was replicated in other experiments using the Necker cube and the Schroeder staircase. Based on their evidence, Chambers and Reisberg claimed that mental images differ from pictures in that mental images cannot be reconstrued�that is, they cannot be separated from their interpretations. The first two lines of research indicate that not all of the part relationships that can be found in a picture or an object are preserved in a mental image. All three lines of research clearly demonstrate that pictures and mental images are not isomorphic. Finke et al. proposed two untested solutions: (1) that the complexity of classic reversible figures might preclude their reversal in mental imagery and (2) that the reversal of classic reversible figures might require processes that are available in perception but not in mental imagery. textcopyright 1993, Elsevier Science & Technology. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Peterson1993,
author = {Peterson, Mary A.},
title = {The Ambiguity of Mental Images: Insights Regarding the Structure of Shape Memory and Its Function in Creativity},
journal = {Advances in Psychology},
year = {1993},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60142-9}
}
|
|||||
| Petry, H.M. | Magno and parvo visual channels and the subjective necker cube | 1993 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Comments on papers by J. Rabin et al and by C. R. Ingling and S. S.backslashnGrigsby (see PA, Vols 79:22202 and 77:29979, respectively) regardingbackslashntheir use of an illusory Necker cube to investigate visual processingbackslashnby magnocellular and parvocellular channels. Properties of the subjectivebackslashnNecker cube that make it useful for research on these channels arebackslashndescribed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Petry1993,
author = {Petry, Heywood M.},
title = {Magno and parvo visual channels and the subjective necker cube},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {1993},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90203-9}
}
|
|||||
| Piantoni, G., Romeijn, N., Gomez-Herrero, G., Van Der Werf, Y.D. and Van Someren, E.J. | Alpha power predicts persistence of bistable perception | 2017 | Scientific Reports | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perception is strongly affected by the intrinsic state of the brain, which controls the propensity to either maintain a particular perceptual interpretation or switch to another. To understand the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous drive of the brain to explore alternative interpretations of unchanging stimuli, we repeatedly recorded high-density EEG after normal sleep and after sleep deprivation while participants observed a Necker cube image and reported the durations of the alternating representations of their bistable perception. We found that local alpha power around the parieto-occipital sulcus within the first second after the emergence of a perceptual representation predicted the fate of its duration. An experimentally induced increase in alpha power by means of sleep deprivation increased the average duration of individual representations. Taken together, these findings show that high alpha power promotes the stability of a perceptual representation and suppresses switching to the alternative. The observations support the hypothesis that synchronization of alpha oscillations across a wide neuronal network promotes the maintenance and stabilization of its current perceptual representation. Elevated alpha power could also be key to the poorly understood cognitive deficits, that typically accompany sleep deprivation, such as the loss of mental flexibility and lapses of responsiveness. An important feature of the perceptual system is its flexibility to process identical physical stimuli in different ways depending on the circumstances. It enables, for example, the maintenance of attention to stimulus proper-ties with expected reward and prevents interference from distracting aspects of the same stimulus. This flexibil-ity is highly dependent on and tightly controlled by ongoing brain activity 1, 2 | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Piantoni2017,
author = {Piantoni, Giovanni and Romeijn, Nico and Gomez-Herrero, German and Van Der Werf, Ysbrand D. and Van Someren, Eus J.W.},
title = {Alpha power predicts persistence of bistable perception},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05610-8}
}
|
|||||
| Pisarchik, A.N., Jaimes-Reátegui, R., Magallón-García, C.D.A. and Castillo-Morales, C.O. | Critical slowing down and noise-induced intermittency in bistable perception: Bifurcation analysis | 2014 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Stochastic dynamics and critical slowing down were studied experimentally and numerically near the onset of dynamical bistability in visual perception under the influence of noise. Exploring the Necker cube as the essential example of an ambiguous figure, and using its wire contrast as a control parameter, we measured dynamical hysteresis in two coexisting percepts as a function of both the velocity of the parameter change and the background luminance. The bifurcation analysis allowed us to estimate the level of cognitive noise inherent to brain neural cells activity, which induced intermittent switches between different perception states. The results of numerical simulations with a simple energy model are in good qualitative agreement with psychological experiments. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Pisarchik2014,
author = {Pisarchik, Alexander N. and Jaimes-Reátegui, Rider and Magallón-García, C. D Alejandro and Castillo-Morales, C. Obed},
title = {Critical slowing down and noise-induced intermittency in bistable perception: Bifurcation analysis},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-014-0607-5}
}
|
|||||
| Pitts, M.A., Nerger, J.L. and Davis, T.J.R. | Electrophysiological correlates of perceptual reversals for three different types of multistable images | 2007 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Electrophysiological recordings were made in 21 observers to investigate whether differences in signature components (P1, N1, selection negativity [SN]) would be revealed during perceptual reversals of three different multistable figures. Using a lattice of Necker cubes as a stimulus, J. Kornmeier and M. Bach (2004, 2005) reported differences in P1 amplitudes as well a broad reversal-related negativity occurring 200-400 ms poststimulus. The current study investigated whether these event-related potentials of Necker cube reversals represent general "perceptual switching" mechanisms and would, therefore, be common to other types of multistable figures. Three different types of multistable stimuli were utilized: a modified Rubin's face/vase, a modified Schröder's staircase, and a novel natural stimulus, Lemmo's cheetahs. Results revealed the broad reversal-related negativity for the face/vase and the reversible staircase but not for the cheetahs. This component is comparable to the SN in polarity, latency, and scalp topography. An effect of early visual spatial attention on figure reversals was suggested by an analysis of the occipital P1 and N1 components. The P1, N1, or both were enhanced for trials in which the observer reported perceptual reversals compared with trials in which no reversals were reported for the face/vase and reversible staircase stimuli. These results support a model of multistable perception in which changes in early spatial attention (indicated by P1 and N1 enhancement) modulate perceptual reversals (indicated by the reversal negativity or SN). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Pitts2007,
author = {Pitts, Michael A. and Nerger, Janice L. and Davis, Trevor J. R.},
title = {Electrophysiological correlates of perceptual reversals for three different types of multistable images},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/7.1.6}
}
|
|||||
| Pitts, M.A., Martínez, A., Stalmaster, C., Nerger, J.L. and Hillyard, S.A. | Neural generators of ERPs linked with Necker cube reversals | 2009 | Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Multistable perception occurs when a single physical stimulus leads to two or more distinct percepts that spontaneously switch (reverse). Previous ERP studies have reported reversal negativities and late positive components associated with perceptual reversals. The goal of the current study was to localize the neural generators of the reversal ERP components in order to evaluate their correspondence with previous fMRI results and to better understand their functional significance. A Necker-type stimulus was presented for brief intervals while subjects indicated their perceptions. Local auto-regressive average source analyses and dipole modeling indicated that sources for the reversal negativity were located in inferior occipital-temporal cortex. Generators of the late positive component were estimated to reside in inferior temporal and superior parietal regions. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Pitts2009,
author = {Pitts, Michael A. and Martínez, Antígona and Stalmaster, Clea and Nerger, Janice L. and Hillyard, Steven A.},
title = {Neural generators of ERPs linked with Necker cube reversals},
journal = {Psychophysiology},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00822.x}
}
|
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| Pomerantz, J. and Kubovy, M. | Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles | 1986 | Handbook of perception and human performance | misc | |
| Abstract: describe the major theoretical approaches to perceptual organization and . . . present evidence relevant to these approaches / four major phenomena of perceptual organization structuralist, Gestalt and Helmholtzean approaches / the Gibsonean view / Gestalt versus Helmholtzean approaches / Gestalt laws / area / proximity / closure / convexity / symmetry depth cues / the Necker cube / impossible figures / subjective contours / apparent motion assessment and reconciliation of Prägnanz and likelihood information theory and perceptual organization / pattern perception and redundancy structural information theory | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Pomerantz1986,
author = {Pomerantz, Jr and Kubovy, M},
title = {Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles},
booktitle = {Handbook of perception and human performance},
year = {1986}
}
|
|||||
| Pomerantz, J. and Kubovy, M. | Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles | 1986 | Handbook of perception and human performance | misc | |
| Abstract: describe the major theoretical approaches to perceptual organization and . . . present evidence relevant to these approaches / four major phenomena of perceptual organization structuralist, Gestalt and Helmholtzean approaches / the Gibsonean view / Gestalt versus Helmholtzean approaches / Gestalt laws / area / proximity / closure / convexity / symmetry depth cues / the Necker cube / impossible figures / subjective contours / apparent motion assessment and reconciliation of Prägnanz and likelihood information theory and perceptual organization / pattern perception and redundancy structural information theory | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Pomerantz1986a,
author = {Pomerantz, Jr and Kubovy, M},
title = {Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles},
booktitle = {Handbook of perception and human performance},
year = {1986}
}
|
|||||
| Pomerantz, J. and Kubovy, M. | Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles | 1986 | Handbook of perception and human performance | misc | |
| Abstract: describe the major theoretical approaches to perceptual organization and . . . present evidence relevant to these approaches / four major phenomena of perceptual organization structuralist, Gestalt and Helmholtzean approaches / the Gibsonean view / Gestalt versus Helmholtzean approaches / Gestalt laws / area / proximity / closure / convexity / symmetry depth cues / the Necker cube / impossible figures / subjective contours / apparent motion assessment and reconciliation of Prägnanz and likelihood information theory and perceptual organization / pattern perception and redundancy structural information theory | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Pomerantz1986b,
author = {Pomerantz, Jr and Kubovy, M},
title = {Theoretical approaches to perceptual organization: Simplicity and likelihood principles},
booktitle = {Handbook of perception and human performance},
year = {1986}
}
|
|||||
| Popov, O.N., Borovkova, L.B., Shatova, N.P. and Izosenkova, A.V. | Rational use of refractories in regenerator checkers | 1985 | Glass and Ceramics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We have studied the cerebral activity for the depth perception of the Necker cube by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Three types of line drawing figures were used as stimuli, the Necker cube, hidden line elimination cube and overlapping squares. Subjects were instructed to perceive both orientations of the depth of the Necker cube. They were instructed to shift their attention voluntarily during viewing overlapping squares to obtain a control for the attentional shift in perceiving the Necker cube. A hidden line elimination cube was used as a control for monocular stereopsis. The results showed a clear symmetrical activation in premotor and parietal areas during the Necker cube perception compared with other conditions. The present result suggests that a neural process similar to mental image manipulation occurs during depth perception of the Necker cube. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Popov1985,
author = {Popov, O. N. and Borovkova, L. B. and Shatova, N. P. and Izosenkova, A. V.},
title = {Rational use of refractories in regenerator checkers},
journal = {Glass and Ceramics},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00703972}
}
|
|||||
| Pöppel, E., Brinkmann, R., von Cramon, D. and Singer, W. | Association and dissociation of visual functions in a case of bilateral occipital lobe infarction | 1978 | Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A severe restriction of the visual field was observed in a patient suffering a bilateral occipital lobe infarction. Soon after the lesion, the visual field had an angle of approx. 4 degrees. Some recovery was observed within the following months. Within the restricted visual field, several visual functions were tested. Increment threshold, for instance, was found to be one log unit higher than would normally be expected. Color vision was completely lost soon after the lesion, but some recovery was later observed. Although binocular interaction was demonstrated by the interocular transfer of after-effects, the patient never experienced steropsis. He also seemed unable to recognize faces. Dsepite the small visual field, optokinetic nystagmus could be elicited. A notable slowing down of visual analyses was observed in experiments on visual reaction time, on the inversion of the Necker cube, and on binocular rivalry. The complete loss of certain functions like steropsis or face recognition in contrast to a quantitative reduction of other functions like visual acuity or color perception can be discussed in the light of two conceptual models of perceptual processing. One model suggests the representation of different visual functions within one neuronal network, each function represented by a different number of neurons or a different algorithm within the network. The second model suggests a spatial segregation of different visual functions in different cortical areas that receive input from one common structure, presumably the striate cortex. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Poppel1978,
author = {Pöppel, Ernst and Brinkmann, Rüdiger and von Cramon, Detlev and Singer, Wolf},
title = {Association and dissociation of visual functions in a case of bilateral occipital lobe infarction},
journal = {Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten},
year = {1978},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00367348}
}
|
|||||
| Rabin, J., Adams, A.J. and Switkes, E. | Perceptual ambiguity and the short wavelength sensitive visual pathway | 1992 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Visual illusions and ambiguous figures are difficult to perceive when presented in a manner which stimulates only chromatic pathways. This perceptual limitation could indicate that these pathways are unable to mediate form perception, or it may reflect the relative visibility of the stimulus, regardless of the pathway utilized. To examine this issue, an ambiguous figure (illusory Necker cube) was presented to the short wavelength sensitive (S) cone pathway which is thought to convey only chromatic signals. Although few observers could recognize the cube when presented in isolation to S cones, the same reduction in recognition was found when the cube was detected by achromatic pathways at a level of visibility comparable to that conveyed by S cones. Our results indicate that for this object recognition task, visibility of the stimulus is the relevant variable, rather than the particular pathway traversed. Prior experience was also found to be important determinant of object recognition. textcopyright 1992. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Rabin1992,
author = {Rabin, Jeff and Adams, Anthony J. and Switkes, Eugene},
title = {Perceptual ambiguity and the short wavelength sensitive visual pathway},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(92)90149-D}
}
|
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| Radilova, J. and Radil, T. | Necker cube reversal reduced by two dimensional spatial perceptual cue | 1983 | Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis | article | |
| Abstract: The influence of conceptualization of a specific two-dimensional perceptual cue on the perception of the reversible Necker cube pattern was investigated. It was found that it reduced markedly the spontaneous reversal rate. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Radilova1983,
author = {Radilova, J. and Radil, T.},
title = {Necker cube reversal reduced by two dimensional spatial perceptual cue},
journal = {Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis},
year = {1983}
}
|
|||||
| Radilová, J., Radil, T. and Havránek, T. | Sequential dependencies of perceptual interpretations of repetitively illuminated reversible figure | 1984 | International Journal of Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The Necker cube pattern was illuminated by xenon flashes repetitively at different but always regular interstimulus intervals. Subjects pushed one of two buttons corresponding to the subjective perceptual interpretation of the pattern. Analysis of the resulting binary sequences showed that none of the sequences was random. The order of Markovian dependence was higher for sequences with longer (3.6 and 2.4 s) interstimulus intervals than for shorter (1.2 s) ones. This result points to the significance of perceptual sets related to short-term memory mechanism upon perception. textcopyright 1984. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Radilova1984,
author = {Radilová, Jirina and Radil, Tomáš and Havránek, Tomáš},
title = {Sequential dependencies of perceptual interpretations of repetitively illuminated reversible figure},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
year = {1984},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(84)90071-0}
}
|
|||||
| Radilová, J., Pocock, P.V., Cooper, R. and Radil, T. | DC potential shift preceding repetitive perceptually relevant stimuli and its possible origin | 1986 | International Journal of Psychophysiology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The Necker cube patterm was flashed repetitively with regular 5.12 s interstimulus intervals and EEG activity was recorded by means of non-polarizable Ag/AgCI electrodes and averaged. The subjects reported the actual subjective interpretation of the pattern by pushing one of two buttons, i.e. they were motivated to interpret each stimulus. A negative potential shift (lasting about 2.5 s increasing in a more or less linear way and, reaching the final amplitude of about 11 mV), developed gradually before the stimulus onset. Positive correlation was found between the duration and amplitude of DC shift. The phenomenon described might reflect cortical processes related to expectation of a regularly repeated perceptually relevant stimulus and may be considered a version of CNV. A hypothesis interpreting the DC shift as the consequence of neuroglial processes is presented. textcopyright 1986. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Radilova1986,
author = {Radilová, J. and Pocock, P. V. and Cooper, R. and Radil, T.},
title = {DC potential shift preceding repetitive perceptually relevant stimuli and its possible origin},
journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology},
year = {1986},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(86)90019-X}
}
|
|||||
| Radilova, J., Taddei-Ferretti, C., Musio, C., Santillo, S., Cibelli, E., Cotugno, A. and Radil, T. | Reversal of "cubic" and "cylindric" Figures | 2007 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: Spontaneous figure reversal of ambiguous patterns was analyzed in humans by presenting "Necker-cube"-like, or "drum"-like figures having square or round shaped "front" and "rear" surfaces, and either large or small "depth". The figures were perceived alternately according to one or the other of two possible mental orientation-interpretations. The subjects signalled the instant of subjective pattern-reversals. Results: perceptual intervals corresponding to both interpretations of "drum" were longer than those of "cube"; the perceived "depth" of the figures was less relevant for reversal timing ("deeper" figures reversed only slightly more slowly and the corresponding intervals were somewhat longer). Although the shape of "front" and "rear" surfaces was not a crucial geometrical feature for representing the three-dimensional nature of the patterns on the two-dimensional stimulus plane, it markedly influenced the timing of figure reversals. More, or longer information processing steps should needed for perceptual-cognitive representations of curvilinear patterns in comparison with rectangular ones. textcopyright 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Radilova2007,
author = {Radilova, Jirina and Taddei-Ferretti, Cloe and Musio, Carlo and Santillo, Silvia and Cibelli, Edoardo and Cotugno, Antonio and Radil, Tomáš},
title = {Reversal of "cubic" and "cylindric" Figures},
booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75555-5_14}
}
|
|||||
| Ramachandran, V.S. and Anstis, S.M. | Perceptual organization in moving patterns | 1983 | Nature | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Is human motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do global effects play an important role? We used metastable apparent motion displays (Fig. 2) to try to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the remaining corners. One could either see vertical or horizontal oscillation of the spots and the display was bistable just as a Necker cube is. We found that if several such bistable figures were randomly scattered on the screen (Fig. 3b), and presented simultaneously, then one always saw the same motion-axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of global field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. Surprisingly, the appearance of these displays could nor be influenced by voluntary effort unless the speed of alternation was very slow. (Less than 3 frames per second.) It may be that if the events in the module that computes apparent motion are too rapid then it cannot be coupled with the "will" mechanism, which may have a long time constant. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ramachandran1983,
author = {Ramachandran, V. S. and Anstis, S. M.},
title = {Perceptual organization in moving patterns},
journal = {Nature},
year = {1983},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/304529a0}
}
|
|||||
| Ramachandran, V.S. and Anstis, S.M. | Perceptual organization in multistable apparent motion | 1985 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Is motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do 'global' effects also play an important role? Use was made of bistable apparent-motion displays in trying to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a 1 deg wide square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the other two corners. One can either see vertical or horizontal oscillation and the display is bistable just as a Necker cube is. If several such bistable figures are randomly scattered on the screen and presented simultaneously, then one usually sees the same motion axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. While viewing a single figure observers experience hysteresis: they tend to adhere to one motion axis or the other and can switch the axis only by looking away and looking back after 10-30 s have elapsed. The figure can be switched off and made to reappear at some other random location on the screen and it is then always found to retain its motion axis. Several such demonstrations are presented to show that spatial induction effects in metastable motion displays may provide a particularly valuable probe for studying 'laws' of perceptual organization. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ramachandran1985,
author = {Ramachandran, V. S. and Anstis, S. M.},
title = {Perceptual organization in multistable apparent motion},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p140135}
}
|
|||||
| Ramachandran, V.S. and Rogers-Ramachandran, D. | Ambiguities and Perception | 2007 | Scientific American Mind | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The article focuses on the association between perception and intellectual problem solving. It is stated that many visual illusions exploit ambiguity to titillate the senses. According to German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz, perception has a good deal in common with intellectual problem solving. Some illusionary images are cited as examples of how top-down influences from higher brain centers-where such perceptual tokens as "old" and "young" are encoded-can FUL TEXT : What uncertainty tells us about the brain THE BRAIN abhors ambiguity, yet we are curiously attracted to it. Many famous visual illusions exploit ambiguity to titillate the senses. Resolving uncertainties creates a pleasant jolt in your brain, similar to the one you experience in the "Eureka!" moment of solving a problem. Such observations led German physicist, psychologist and ophthalmologist Hermann von Helmholtz to point out that perception has a good deal in common with intellectual problem solving. More recently, the idea has been revived and championed eloquently by neuropsychologist Richard L. Gregory of the University of Bristol in England. So-called bistable figures, such as the mother-in-law/wife (a) and faces/vase (b) illusions, are often touted in textbooks as the prime example of how top-down influences (preexisting knowledge or expectations) from higher brain centers such perceptual tokens as "old" and "young" are encoded influence perception. Laypeople often take this to mean you can see anything you want to see, but this is nonsense ironically, this view contains more truth than most of our colleagues would allow. Fun Flips Consider the simple case of the Necker cube (c and variation in d). You can view this illusion in one of two ways pointing up or pointing down. With a little practice, you can flip between these alternate percepts at will (still, it is great fun when it flips spontaneously; it feels like an amusing practical joke has been played on you). In fact, the drawing is compatible not only with two interpretations, as is commonly believed; there is actually an infinite set of trapezoidal shapes that can produce exactly the same retinal image, yet the brain homes in on a cube without hesitation. Note that at any time, you see only one or the other. The visual system appears to struggle to determine which of two cubes the drawing represents, but it has already solved the much larger perceptual problem by rejecting trillions of other configurations that could give rise to the retinal pattern we call the Necker cube. Top-down attention and will, or intent, can only help you select between two percepts; you will not see any of the other possibilities no matter how hard you try. Although the Necker cube is often used to illustrate the role of top-down influences, it, in fact, proves the very opposite that perception is generally immune to such influences. Indeed, if all perceptual computations mainly relied on top-down effects, they would be much too slow to help you in tasks related to survival and the propagation of your genes a predator, for example, or catching a meal or a mate. It is important to recognize that ambiguity does not arise only in cleverly contrived displays such as on these two pages and in e, in which shading could make the circles appear to be convex or concave. In truth, ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception in perception; it is usually resolved by other co- existing bottom-up (or sideways, if that is the right word) cues that exploit built-in statistical "knowledge" of the visual world. Such knowledge is wired into the neural circuitry of the visual system and deployed unconsciously to eliminate millions of false solutions. But the knowledge in question pertains to general properties of the world, not specific ones. The visual system has hardwired knowledge of surfaces, contours, depth, motion, illumination, and so on but not of umbrellas, chairs or dalmatians. Motion Control Ambiguity also arises in motion perception. In f, we begin with two light spots flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of an imaginary square, shown at 1. The lights are then switched off and replaced by spots appearing on the remaining two corners, at 2. The two frames are then cycled continuously. In this display, which we call a bistable quartet, the spots can be seen as oscillating vertically (dashed arrows) or horizontally (solid arrows) but never as both simultaneously example of ambiguity. It takes greater effort, but as with the cube, you can intentionally flip between these alternate percepts. We asked ourselves what would happen if you scattered several such bistable-quartet stimuli on a computer screen. Would they all flip together when you mentally flipped one? Or, given that any one of them has a 50 percent chance of being vertical or horizontal, would each flip separately? That is, is the resolution of ambiguity global (all the quartets look the same), or does it occur piecemeal for different parts of the visual field? The answer is clear: they all flip together. There must be global fieldlike effects in the resolution of ambiguity. You might want to try experimenting with this on your computer. You could also ask, Does the same rule apply for the mother-in-law/wife illusion? How about the Necker cube? It is remarkable how much you can learn about perception using such simple displays; it is what makes the field so seductive. We must be careful not to say that top-down influences play no role at all. In some of the figures, you can get stuck in one interpretation but can switch once you hear, verbally, that there is an alternative interpretation. It is as if your visual system into high-level memory a template (for example, an old or young face) onto the fragments to facilitate their perception. One could argue that the recognition of objects can benefit from top-down processes that tap into attentional selection and memory. In contrast, seeing contours, surfaces, motion and depth is mainly from the bottom up (you can "see" all the surfaces and corners of a cube and even reach out and grab it physically and yet not know or recognize it as a cube). In fact, we have both had the experience of peering at neurons all day through a microscope and then the next day "hallucinating" neurons everywhere: in trees, leaves and clouds. The extreme example of this effect is seen in patients who become completely blind and start hallucinating elves, circus animals and other objects the Charles Bonnet syndrome. In these individuals, only top-down inputs contribute to perception bottom-up processes, missing because they are blind (from macular degeneration or cataracts), can no longer limit their hallucinations. It is almost as though we are all hallucinating all the time and what we call object perception merely involves selecting the one hallucination that best matches the current sensory input, however fragmentary. Vision, in short, is controlled hallucination. But doesn't this statement contradict what we said earlier about vision being largely bottom-up? The answer to this riddle is "vision" is not a single process; perception of objectness outline, surface depth, and so on, as when you see a cube as cuboid is largely bottom-up, whereas higher-level identification and categorization of objects into neurons or umbrellas do indeed benefit enormously from top-down memory-based influences. How and What Physiology also supports this distinction. Signals from the eyeballs are initially processed in the primary visual cortex at the back of the brain and then diverge into two visual pathways: the "how" pathway in the parietal lobe of the brain and the "what" pathway, linked to memories, in the temporal lobes. The former is concerned with spatial vision and navigation out to grab something, avoiding obstacles and pits, dodging missiles, and so on, none of which requires that you identify the object in question. The temporal lobes, on the other hand, enable you to recognize what an object actually is (pig, woman, table), and this process probably benefits partially from memory-based top-down effects. There are hybrid cases in which they overlap. For example, with the faces/vase illusion there is a bias to get stuck seeing the faces. But you can switch to seeing the vase without explicitly being told "look for the vase," if you are instead instructed to attend to the white region and see it as a foreground figure rather than as background. Can the perception of ambiguous, bistable figures be biased in any way if they are preceded with other nonambiguous figures technique that is called priming? Priming has been explored extensively in linguistics (for instance, reading "foot" preceded by "leg" evokes the body part, but reading "foot" preceded by "inches" might suggest a ruler). Intriguingly, such priming can occur even if the first word appears too briefly to be seen consciously. Whether perception can be similarly primed has not been carefully studied. You might try it on friends. Finally, as we noted in one of our previous columns, you can construct displays that are always ambiguous, such | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ramachandran2007,
author = {Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. and Rogers-Ramachandran, Diane},
title = {Ambiguities and Perception},
journal = {Scientific American Mind},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind1007-18}
}
|
|||||
| Reichel, F.D. and Todd, J.T. | Perceived Depth Inversion of Smoothly Curved Surfaces Due to Image Orientation | 1990 | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A relative depth judgement task was used to distinguish perceived reversals in depth due to image orientation from spontaneous reversals such as those observed with a Necker cube. Results demonstrate that inversion effects due to image orientation can occur for several different types of pictorial representation and that many of these effects are incompatible with traditional explanations involving a perceptual bias for overhead illumination. When this bias was neutralized by placing the light source at the point of observation, the effects of image orientation were just as large as with overhead illumination. Similar results were also obtained for surfaces depicted with texture or motion in which all relevant shading information was eliminated. These results can be explained by a perceptual bias for backward slanting surfaces, but additional evidence suggests that this bias can be attenuated by the presence of smooth occlusion contours. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Reichel1990,
author = {Reichel, Francene D. and Todd, James T.},
title = {Perceived Depth Inversion of Smoothly Curved Surfaces Due to Image Orientation},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
year = {1990},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.653}
}
|
|||||
| Reichert, D.P., Seriès, P. and Storkey, A.J. | Neuronal Adaptation for Sampling-Based Probabilistic Inference in Perceptual Bistability | 2011 | Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems | article | DOI |
| Abstract: It has been argued that perceptual multistability reflects probabilistic inference performed by the brain when sensory input is ambiguous. Alternatively, more traditional explanations of multistability refer to low-level mechanisms such as neuronal adaptation. We employ a Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM) model of cortical processing to demonstrate that these two different approaches can be com-bined in the same framework. Based on recent developments in machine learn-ing, we show how neuronal adaptation can be understood as a mechanism that improves probabilistic, sampling-based inference. Using the ambiguous Necker cube image, we analyze the perceptual switching exhibited by the model. We also examine the influence of spatial attention, and explore how binocular rivalry can be modeled with the same approach. Our work joins earlier studies in demonstrat-ing how the principles underlying DBMs relate to cortical processing, and offers novel perspectives on the neural implementation of approximate probabilistic in-ference in the brain. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Reichert2011,
author = {Reichert, David P and Seriès, Peggy and Storkey, Amos J},
title = {Neuronal Adaptation for Sampling-Based Probabilistic Inference in Perceptual Bistability},
journal = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01625D}
}
|
|||||
| Lehto, RH and Cimprich, B. | Anxiety and directed attention in women awaiting breast cancer surgery. | 1999 | Oncology Nursing Forum | article | |
| Abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between anxiety and directed attention (the ability to focus and concentrate) in women awaiting breast cancer surgery and the potential influence of age and extent of anticipated surgery (breast conservation versus mastectomy) on attentional functioning and anxiety. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional. SAMPLE AND SETTING: Convenience sample of 45 women newly diagnosed with localized breast cancer at a Midwestern university medical center. METHODS: Subjects were assessed approximately 11 days before surgery using objective measures of attention: Digit Span, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test, the Attentional Function Index (a subjective measure of effectiveness of attentional functioning), and the Tension-Anxiety subscale of the Profile of Mood States. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Capacity to direct attention, perceived attentional functioning, anxiety level, age, and extent of anticipated breast surgery. FINDINGS: Level of anxiety was related inversely (r = -0.63, p textless 0.01) to perceptions of attentional functioning but not to performance on any objective measures of attention in the pretreatment period. No differences in anxiety level existed in regard to age or extent of anticipated surgery. However, older women (textgreater or = 55 years) showed overall significantly lowered (p textless 0.001) performance on the attentional measures than younger women. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative anxiety is a clinically significant issue in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer regardless of age and extent of anticipated surgery. Higher anxiety requires use of attentional resources and initially may act to reduce perceptions of effectiveness in attentional functioning. Older women who have high anxiety combined with both subjective and objective decline in attentional functioning may be at particularly high risk for attentional fatigue. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Women newly diagnosed with breast cancer may experience not only increased anxiety and associated perceptions of decreased attentional functioning but also a subsequent depletion of attentional reserves as a result of the onset of attentional fatigue. Nurses can assess anxiety in women during the preoperative period and assist them in coping with the psychological and cognitive demands associated with this highly stressful period. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{RH1999,
author = {RH, Lehto and Cimprich, B},
title = {Anxiety and directed attention in women awaiting breast cancer surgery.},
journal = {Oncology Nursing Forum},
year = {1999}
}
|
|||||
| Riani, M., Oliva, G.A., Selis, G., Ciurlo, G. and Rossi, P. | Effect of luminance on perceptual alternation of ambiguous patterns | 1984 | Perceptual & Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Studied the perceptual alternation of the Necker cube, in its stationarybackslashnphase, as a function of the stimulus luminance down to the extremebackslashncondition in which the cones were completely inactivated so thatbackslashnthe pattern of neural excitation reaching the primary visual cortexbackslashnwas different from the normal one. Five undergraduates served asbackslashnSs in Exp I, and 3 of these Ss served in Exp II. Findings show nobackslashnevident effect of luminance under passive observation either on thebackslashnreversal rate or on the features of data distributions. The complementarybackslashnsituation in which perception was based only on the cones did notbackslashnaffect the phenomenon either. Results suggest that the perceptualbackslashnalternation in its stationary phase is a passive and automatic processbackslashnthat is affected neither by a satiation of the first levels of thebackslashnvisual system nor by the psychological attitude of the S consequentbackslashnon dazzling the retina. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Riani1984,
author = {Riani, M and Oliva, G A and Selis, G and Ciurlo, G and Rossi, P},
title = {Effect of luminance on perceptual alternation of ambiguous patterns},
journal = {Perceptual & Motor Skills},
year = {1984},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1984.58.1.267}
}
|
|||||
| Rinzel, J. | Alternating perceptions of ambiguous scenes: what's out there? | 2008 | BMC Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When visualizing an ambiguous scene (such as the Necker cube) one may perceive ongoing random alternations between the possible interpretations. Dynamical models implement competition as reciprocal inhibition between neuronal populations; dominance alternates while slow negative feedback, adaptation, sets the basic time scale (seconds) for switching. When adaptation is strong enough it overcomes dominance and alternations occur intrinsically and periodically; noise perturbs the regularity. In a different framework, with attractor-based dynamics, adaptation is weak and switches are induced by noise operating on a bistable system. We find that statistics of the observed alternations provide constraints that favor an operating range near the transition zone between the parameter regimes for the two mechanisms. In some paradigms one can manipulate stimulus cues to bias the competition away from equal dominance. We have proposed that the percentage of time dominant is a measure for the likelihood of valid interpretation of the scene. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Rinzel2008,
author = {Rinzel, John},
title = {Alternating perceptions of ambiguous scenes: what's out there?},
journal = {BMC Neuroscience},
year = {2008},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-S1-L1}
}
|
|||||
| Rogers, D. | Psychiatry and the necker cube. Neurological and psychological conceptions of psychiatric disorder | 1988 | Behavioural Neurology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Relativistic projectile fragmentation of a 208 Pb primary beam has been used to produce neutron-rich nuclei with proton-holes relative to the Z = 82 shell closure, i.e., "south" of Pb. β-delayed γ-ray spectroscopy allows to investigate the structural properties of such nuclei with A 195 ? 205. The current work presents transitions de-exciting excited states in 204 Au, which are the first spectroscopic information on this N = 125 isotone. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Rogers1988,
author = {Rogers, D.},
title = {Psychiatry and the necker cube. Neurological and psychological conceptions of psychiatric disorder},
journal = {Behavioural Neurology},
year = {1988},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-1988-1102}
}
|
|||||
| Rosen, S.M. | Wholeness as the Body of Paradox | 1997 | Journal of Mind and Behavior | article | |
| Abstract: This essay is written at the crossroads of intuitive holism, as typified in Eastern thought, and the discursive reflectiveness more characteristic of the West. The point of departure is the age-old human need to overcome fragmentation and realize wholeness. Three basic tasks are set forth: to provide some new insight into the underlying obstacle to wholeness, to show what would be necessary for surmounting this blockage, and to take a concrete step in that direction. At the outset, the question of paradox is addressed, examined in relation to Zen meditation, the problem of language, and the thinking of Heidegger. Wholeness is to be realized through paradox, and it is shown that a complete realization requires that paradox be embodied. Drawing from the fields of visual geometry and qualitative mathematics, three concrete models of paradox are offered: the Necker cube, the Moebius surface, and the Klein bottle. In attempting to model wholeness, an important limitation is recognized: a model is a symbolic representation that maintains the division between the reality represented and the act of symbolizing that reality. It is demonstrated that while the first two models are subject to this limitation, the Klein bottle, possessing higher dimensionality, can express wholeness more completely, provided that it is approached in a radically nonclassical way. The final question of this essay concerns its own capability as an essay. It is asked whether the present text is restricted to affording a mere abstract reflection on wholeness, or whether wholeness can tangibly be delivered | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Rosen1997,
author = {Rosen, Steven M},
title = {Wholeness as the Body of Paradox},
journal = {Journal of Mind and Behavior},
year = {1997}
}
|
|||||
| Rosen, S.M. | Evolution of attentional processes in the human organism | 1999 | Group Analysis | inproceedings | DOI |
| Abstract: In this article I explore the evolution of human attention, focusing particularly on the phylogenetic and ontogenetic implications of the work of the American psychoanalyst Trigant Burrow. Attentional development is linked to the emergence of visual perspective, and this, in turn, is related to Burrow's notion of 'ditention' (divided or partitive attention). Burrow's distinction between 'ditention' and 'cotention' (total organismic awareness) is examined, and, expanding on this, I identify a threefold pattern of perceptual change: prototention?ditention?cotention. Next, I relate ditentive visual perspective to binocular convergence, and make use of the 'perspectivally ambiguous', 'non-convergent' Gestalt figure known as the Necker Cube to illustrate cotention. In conclusion, I propose, with Burrow, that the shift from the currently pervasive ditentive pattern of awareness to a cotentive mode could have a salutary effect on human society. | |||||
BibTeX:
@inproceedings{Rosen1999,
author = {Rosen, S. M.},
title = {Evolution of attentional processes in the human organism},
booktitle = {Group Analysis},
year = {1999},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/05333169922076725}
}
|
|||||
| Ruggieri, V., San Martini, P. and Guerrera, A. | Relationship between perceptual stability and reversal of perspective | 1981 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We have examined the relationship between the perspective reversal of both the Necker cube and the Schroder staircase and perceptual stability for 49 undergraduate students in psychology. There was a positive, statistically significant correlation of moderate magnitude between number of reversals of the Necker cube and differential score of perceptual stability, i.e., the difference between persistence of the visual image under right and left monocular viewing. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ruggieri1981,
author = {Ruggieri, V and San Martini, P and Guerrera, A},
title = {Relationship between perceptual stability and reversal of perspective},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1981},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1981.52.1.109}
}
|
|||||
| Ryota, K., Paffen, C. and Verstraten, F. | Transient stimuli alter perceptual organization | 2002 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: More and more evidence seems to indicate that suddenly presented transient stimuli can alter the perceived organization of an already present stimulus. For example, Sekuler et al. (Nature, 1997, vol. 385, p. 308) showed that a sound presented near the point of coincidence can make two moving dots bounce instead of passing each other. Moreover, Shams et al (Nature, 2000, vol. 401, p 788) reported that observers saw multiple flashes whenever a single flash was accompanied by more than one beep. In this study we looked at the effect of transient interrupts on ambiguous stimuli. Among these were the Necker cube and Wertheimer's 'windmill' (a cross that rotates in steps of 45 degrees, which is directionally ambiguous because the clockwise displacement equals the counterclockwise displacement). The results show that when a transient stimulus, like a suddenly appearing dot, a sound, or a change of color changes the perceptual experience completely. For example, The Necker cube inverses its perspective. Moreover, if Wertheimer's ambiguous windmill is tracked with attention - and as a result a clear motion direction is perceived - the direction reverses in the opposite direction as soon as the transient stimulus is present. These results show that interpretations given to ambiguous stimuli - that is, when the visual system has disambiguated the presented stimulus - are overruled in favor of a competing solution, even when the interrupting stimulus enters trough another modality. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Ryota2002,
author = {Ryota, K. and Paffen, C.L.E. and Verstraten, F.A.J.},
title = {Transient stimuli alter perceptual organization},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2002},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.482}
}
|
|||||
| Peimer, S. and Ringler, J. | Chaotic dynamics of sleep onset: Proof of inverted consciousness | 2017 | Sleep Medicine | article | |
| Abstract: Introduction: The hallmark of sleep is partial disconnection from environment that parallels the inverted sensory and mental activities. Our goal was to demonstrate that the re-focusing of consciousness from the outside world to Internal Model of the World (IMW) is a non-linear process that may be evaluated with dynamical analysis of eye and limb movements in order to recreate a topological equivalent picture of the original behavior of pertinent complex neuronal network. In addition, we intended to show similarity in the mode of access to IMW in sleep and wakefulness. Materials and methods: To define state consistently with changes in consciousness, 10 subjects, 10 asymptomatic patients and 4 patients with narcolepsy were instructed to squeeze a bulb connected with pressure sensor (eyes closed). 35-channel polysomnogram was digitally recorded, and 30 data files were created from the tracing of eye movement (EM) and bulb pressure (BP) using EDF to ASCII converter (stationary time series of 7,500-15,000 /EM) and 25,000-142,000 /BP/ data points, no filters). We used Visual Recurrence Analysis software (VRA; Kononov, 2011) to compute embedding dimensions and time delays employing the False Nearest Neighbors method and Average Mutual Information methods, respectively. The recurrence plots, correlation dimensions (CD) and phasespace charts were produced and analyzed in context of dynamics of EEG and subjective experience. Results: Mind-wandering and dreaming associated with alteration of motor and eye movement activities that was consistent with low dimensional chaotic dynamics across the continuum of drowsiness and light NREM sleep. Unexpectedly, in REM sleep our patients with narcolepsy also were able to squeeze the bulb that permitted determination of chaotic dynamic with CD 1.15 � 0.129. The striking similarity was found with dynamics of Necker cube interpretation (CD 1.16 � 0.12) when the same subjects squeezed a bulb in response of subjective changes of position of the cube. The most frequent dynamic counterpart of alertness was quasiperiodic mode as in the Van der Pol oscillator with sinusoidal forcing. Different strange attractors were detectable in drowsiness with microsleep, light NREM sleep and in REM sleep. Rapid eye movements in wakefulness and REM sleep as well as rolling eye movements in drowsiness and NREM sleep had chaotic dynamics with periodic trend and variable CD (2.9-4.5). Among the significant results of this study was the demonstration of intrinsic unpredictability of drifting to sleep that can be explained by extreme sensitivity to initial conditions of chaotic dynamics. Conclusions: Our results support the concept of inverted consciousness in sleep and make clear nonlinear dynamics of directional changes of consciousness with emergence of diverse subjective experience. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{S.2017,
author = {S., Peimer and J., Ringler},
title = {Chaotic dynamics of sleep onset: Proof of inverted consciousness},
journal = {Sleep Medicine},
year = {2017}
}
|
|||||
| Sahlin, E., Lindegård, A., Hadzibajramovic, E., Grahn, P., Vega Matuszczyk, J. and Ahlborg, G. | The Influence of the Environment on Directed Attention, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate�An Experimental Study Using a Relaxation Intervention | 2016 | Landscape Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Attention is a basic cognitive function necessary in most daily activities. Beneficial effects on cognitive abilities after exposure to nature have been reported. To explore if relaxation indoors and in nature differently affect directed attention and physiological measures, 51 participants (39 women) were measured on directed attention with the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test before and after a guided progressive relaxation session indoors and outdoors in nature. Additionally, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured before and after the relaxation. Participants' environmental preference was explored. The main result showed an environmental effect on directed attention in favour of the natural environment. No similar environmental effect on physiological measures was seen. The results indicate that relaxation in natural environments had a positive effect on directed attention and hence could be an important component for preventive and rehabilitative interventions for stress-related symptoms. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sahlin2016,
author = {Sahlin, Eva and Lindegård, Agneta and Hadzibajramovic, Emina and Grahn, Patrik and Vega Matuszczyk, Josefa and Ahlborg, Gunnar},
title = {The Influence of the Environment on Directed Attention, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate�An Experimental Study Using a Relaxation Intervention},
journal = {Landscape Research},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2014.982079}
}
|
|||||
| Satoh, M., Mori, C., Matsuda, K., Ueda, Y., Tabei, K.I., Kida, H. and Tomimoto, H. | Improved Necker Cube Drawing-Based Assessment Battery for Constructional Apraxia: The Mie Constructional Apraxia Scale (MCAS) | 2016 | Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Background/Aims: Constructional apraxia (CA) is usually diagnosed by having patients draw figures; however, the reported assessments only evaluate the drawn figure. We designed a new assessment battery for CA (the Mie Constructional Apraxia Scale, MCAS) which includes both the shape and drawing process, and investigated its utility against other assessment methods. Methods: We designed the MCAS, and evaluated inter-and intrarater reliability. We also investigated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values in dementia patients, and compared MCAS assessment with other reported batteries in the same subjects. Results: Moderate interrater reliability was shown for speech therapists with limited experience. Moderate to substantial intrarater reliability was shown several weeks after initial assessment. When cutoff scores and times were set at 2/3 points and 39/40 s, sensitivity and specificity were 77.1 and 70.4%, respectively, with positive and negative predictive values of 80.0 and 66.7%, respectively. Dementia patients had significantly worse scores and times for Necker cube drawing than an elderly control group on the MCAS, and on other assessments. Conclusions: We conclude that the MCAS, which includes both the assessment of the drawn Necker cube shape and the drawing process, is useful for detecting even mild CA.Copyright textcopyright 2016 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Satoh2016,
author = {Satoh, Masayuki and Mori, Chika and Matsuda, Kana and Ueda, Yukito and Tabei, Ken Ichi and Kida, Hirotaka and Tomimoto, Hidekazu},
title = {Improved Necker Cube Drawing-Based Assessment Battery for Constructional Apraxia: The Mie Constructional Apraxia Scale (MCAS)},
journal = {Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000449245}
}
|
|||||
| Sauer, S., Lemke, J., Wittmann, M., Kohls, N., Mochty, U. and Walach, H. | How long is now for mindfulness meditators? | 2012 | Personality and Individual Differences | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The experience of the present moment is characterized by an integrative mechanism that fuses successive events into a unitary phenomenological experience with a temporal limit of about 3. s. We hypothesized that proficiency of mindfulness expands the ability to stabilize an ambiguous percept in a bistable image paradigm using the Necker Cube, and that this effect is associated with individual differences in the level of mindfulness. Expanded duration of nowness as indicated by the ability to stabilize a bistable image stimulus for a longer period of time may improve cognitive resources and thus be of practical interest. In a sample of n= 38 meditators and n= 38 non-meditators, meditators showed longer duration of subjective nowness. This effect was associated with individual mindfulness levels. It is concluded that the subjective now can be longer for meditators than for non-meditators, and individual levels of mindfulness may convey this effect. textcopyright 2012. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sauer2012,
author = {Sauer, Sebastian and Lemke, Jana and Wittmann, Marc and Kohls, Niko and Mochty, Ursula and Walach, Harald},
title = {How long is now for mindfulness meditators?},
journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.026}
}
|
|||||
| Schellinger, T. and Beer, J. | Passive viewing of the Necker cube during massed and distributed practice | 1993 | Percept Mot Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Of 24 students from a psychology class in high school 12 were randomly assigned to a Massed Practice group (4 boys, 8 girls each) and 12 to a Distributed Practice group. They viewed a Necker cube for a 3-min. trial on three occasions separated by a week. The Massed Practice group had no rests while the Distributed Practice group rested 1 min. after each 1 min. of viewing. There were no significant differences for total reversals between Massed and Distributed groups on any trial. There were no significant differences between boys and girls on Trials 1 and 2, but on Trial 3 boys reported significantly more reversals than girls. Within each group there was a significant increase in the number of reversals from Trial 1 to Trial 3, indicating learning effects. Rigidity scores did not correlate significantly with the total Necker cube reversals for Trials 1, 2, or 3. The massed and distributed practice effects were not present although learning was noted. Longer rests may be needed for practice effects within trials; long rests of 7 days between trials may account for lack of differences. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Schellinger1993,
author = {Schellinger, T and Beer, J},
title = {Passive viewing of the Necker cube during massed and distributed practice},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1993},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.1.31}
}
|
|||||
| Schoth, F., Waberski, T.D., Krings, T., Gobbele, R. and Buchner, H. | Cerebral processing of spontaneous reversals of the rotating Necker cube | 2007 | NeuroReport | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The cerebral processing of spontaneous perceptive reversals of the rotating Necker cube was studied in humans by combined functional MRI and electroencephalography. These reversals prefer certain positions of the Necker cube and can be studied without external reference of the perception. Functional MRI revealed six bilaterally active regions in the visual, parietal, and premotor cortex. A new method determined phase-locked electroencephalography-activations in the regions of interest and showed a significant stimulus-locked activity that started in the left Brodmann area 18. This activity started 38 ms after passing the symmetric position of the Necker cube and spread along the dorsal stream. We suggest that a further portion of the event-related potential signal reflects additional top-down processing, dependent on the position of the Necker cube. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Schoth2007,
author = {Schoth, Felix and Waberski, Till Dino and Krings, Timo and Gobbele, Rene and Buchner, Helmut},
title = {Cerebral processing of spontaneous reversals of the rotating Necker cube},
journal = {NeuroReport},
year = {2007},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3281668007}
}
|
|||||
| Schrater, P. | Interpreting Bistability Using Probabilistic Inference | 2005 | gandalf.psych.umn.edu | article | |
| Abstract: ... Empirically, we investigated the effect of introducing scene regularities on Necker cube bistability by flanking the Necker cube with fields of unambiguous cubes that are oriented to ... To characterize changes in the temporal dynamics of the perceptual alternations beyond ... | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Schrater2005,
author = {Schrater, P},
title = {Interpreting Bistability Using Probabilistic Inference},
journal = {gandalf.psych.umn.edu},
year = {2005}
}
|
|||||
| SCHROEDER, J. | Caverne Ou Grotte, Un Cube De Necker Géographique | 2014 | Researchgate.Net | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of flow diversion by external carotid artery (ECA) occlusion on ipsilateral regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Local cerebral hyperperfusion in rats (n = 12) was induced by ligating the right ECA. Ipsilateral rCBF was determined pre- and post-ligation for 120 min using a laser Doppler flow meter. Sham animals (n = 6) were subjected to the craniotomy without ligation of the right ECA. In a separate series of rats (n = 5), brain tissue oxygen levels (pO(2)) in the right and left brain hemispheres were determined before and 90 min after ligation of the right ECA using a tissue oxygenation monitoring unit. We investigated the effect of ECA occlusion hemispheric changes in rCBF in one clinical case as a proof of concept. Ligation of ECA resulted in a statistically significant increase in rCBF on the ipsilateral side compared to the sham-operated rats (p textless 0.0001). On average we observed a 34% increase (95% CI: 24-45%) in rCBF in the ipsilateral territory in the treated group compared with sham-operated rats. There was no significant variation in MAP for the treated animals. Vascular permeability and cerebral water content in the right hemisphere after ligation of ECA did not significantly differ from the contralateral hemisphere. Ipsilateral hemisphere tissue pO(2) was significantly higher compared to the contralateral area (p textless 0.002) post-ligation or to the ipsilateral area (p textless 0.001) prior to ligation. In the clinical case, occlusion of ECA resulted in 3.6% and 12.1% increase in peak value and rise-time of the time-density curves. Flow diversion by temporary occlusion of the ECA can result in increased rCBF and cerebral pO(2) on the ipsilateral side. The strategy may represent a viable option to augment rCBF in focal cerebral ischemia. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{SCHROEDER2014,
author = {SCHROEDER, J},
title = {Caverne Ou Grotte, Un Cube De Necker Géographique},
journal = {Researchgate.Net},
year = {2014},
doi = {DOI 10.1007/s10439-009-9782-2}
}
|
|||||
| Scotto, M. | Smooth periodic eye movements can entrain perceptual alternation | 1991 | Percept Mot Skills | article | |
| Abstract: The reversal signals and eye movements of three subjects looking at a Necker cube that moved sinusoidally in the subject's field of view were recorded. The aim of the experiment was to provide evidence of possible synchronisation of perceptual alternation with smooth periodic eye movements. The occurrence of synchronisation was demonstrated for a proper choice of the eye oscillation period by both a sharp reduction in the fluctuations of the reversal time and a change in the mean value of this parameter. Such variations resulted in a close match of the mean reversal time to a multiple of the eye oscillation period. Further, inversions of the direction of eye movements elicited pattern reversals in a systematic way, characteristic for each subject. The described phenomenon, which is a typical example of nonlinear-resonant behaviour, stresses a new important aspect of the complex interaction pattern relating pursuit eye movements to visual perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Scotto1991,
author = {Scotto, M},
title = {Smooth periodic eye movements can entrain perceptual alternation},
journal = {Percept Mot Skills},
year = {1991}
}
|
|||||
| Seki, K., Ishiai, S., Koyama, Y., Sato, S., Hirabayashi, H. and Inaki, K. | Why are some patients with severe neglect able to copy a cube? The significance of verbal intelligence | 2000 | Neuropsychologia | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Cube-copying is often used to assess constructional ability of brain-damaged patients and the influence of unilateral spatial neglect is often pointed out in patients with right hemisphere lesions. However, some patients with severe neglect perform cube-copying satisfactorily. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors that affect the performance of cube-copying in patients with left unilateral spatial neglect. Constructional performance was investigated in 100 patients with unilateral spatial neglect using a task to copy the Necker cube. The relationship of the patients' cube-copying performance to the severity of their neglect, as well as other factors (verbal intelligence, age, duration after onset of the disease, educational level, lesion site, piecemeal approach, and side of starting to copy) was analyzed. Twenty-two normal subjects also participated in this study as controls. Among many factors adopted for analysis, neglect severity and verbal intelligence were found to be primary factors affecting the cube-copying performance of the patients with unilateral spatial neglect. The effect of neglect severity on cube-copying performance was apparent in the patients whose verbal intelligence was deteriorated, but was not observed in the patients with preserved verbal intelligence. Similarly, the effect of verbal intelligence on cube-copying performance was apparent in the patients with severe neglect, but not in the patients with mild neglect. We conclude that constructional ability in the copying of a cube is determined by verbal intelligence, as well as by the severity of unilateral spatial neglect. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Seki2000,
author = {Seki, K. and Ishiai, S. and Koyama, Y. and Sato, S. and Hirabayashi, H. and Inaki, K.},
title = {Why are some patients with severe neglect able to copy a cube? The significance of verbal intelligence},
journal = {Neuropsychologia},
year = {2000},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00066-X}
}
|
|||||
| Sekutowicz, M., Schmack, K., Steimke, R., Paschke, L., Sterzer, P., Walter, H. and Stelzel, C. | Striatal activation as a neural link between cognitive and perceptual flexibility | 2016 | NeuroImage | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Our brain continuously evaluates different perceptual interpretations of the available sensory data in order to enable flexible updates of conscious experience. Individuals' perceptual flexibility can be assessed using ambiguous stimuli that cause our perception to continuously switch between two mutually exclusive interpretations. Neural processes underlying perceptual switching are thought to involve the visual cortex, but also non-sensory brain circuits that have been implicated in cognitive processes, such as frontal and parietal regions. Perceptual flexibility varies strongly between individuals and has been related to dopaminergic neurotransmission. Likewise, there is also considerable individual variability in tasks that require flexibility in cognition, and dopamine-dependent striato-frontal signals have been associated with processes promoting cognitive flexibility. Given the anatomical and neurochemical similarities with regard to perceptual and cognitive flexibility, we here probed whether individual differences in perceptual flexibility during bistable perception are related to individual cognitive flexibility associated neural correlates. 126 healthy individuals performed rule-based task switching during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and reported perceptual switching during the viewing of a modified version of the Necker cube. Mean phase duration as measure of perceptual flexibility correlated with task-switching associated activity in the right putamen as part of the basal ganglia. In addition, we found a tentative correlation between perceptual and cognitive flexibility. These results indicate that individual differences in cognitive flexibility and associated fronto-striatal processing contribute to differences in perceptual flexibility. Our findings thus provide empirical support for the general notion of shared mechanisms between perception and cognition. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sekutowicz2016,
author = {Sekutowicz, Maria and Schmack, Katharina and Steimke, Rosa and Paschke, Lena and Sterzer, Philipp and Walter, Henrik and Stelzel, Christine},
title = {Striatal activation as a neural link between cognitive and perceptual flexibility},
journal = {NeuroImage},
year = {2016},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.046}
}
|
|||||
| Sengpiel, F. | Visual perception: An alternative view of perceptual rivalry | 2000 | Current Biology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The mechanism by which one or the other view of an ambiguous figure-such as the Necker cube-gains dominance has been unclear. Recent evidence suggests that the right frontoparietal cortex is responsible for the selection process, and that each cortical hemisphere represents one of the two rivalling percepts. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sengpiel2000,
author = {Sengpiel, Frank},
title = {Visual perception: An alternative view of perceptual rivalry},
journal = {Current Biology},
year = {2000},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00553-4}
}
|
|||||
| Shannon, R., Jiang, Y., Bernat, E., Patrick, C. and He, S. | Genetic contribution to the rate of switching in bistable perception | 2009 | Journal of Vision | article | |
| Abstract: Under normal viewing conditions, a person's left and right eyes are presented with very similar visual input. When the input provided to the two eyes is so different that they cannot be combined into one coherent picture of visual space, input from each eye competes to be perceptually dominant over the other. Such a perceptual competition is called binocular rivalry. The rate of perceptual switch seems to vary based on many extrinsic factors including the perceptual strength and context of the stimuli presented to the observer. However, when the stimulus conditions are fixed, the rate of switching is relatively stable for a given individual, but varies much more between individuals. Despite extensive research on extrinsic factors that can influence rate of binocular rivalry switch, relatively little has been done to investigate intrinsic (individual biological differences) factors that may be involved. Previous research has shown that factors such as bipolar disorder may slow binocular rivalry switch, indicating that intrinsic factors may be involved, however little information is available about the contribution of heritability to rivalry rates in normal populations. In the current study, rate-of-switch was recorded in a population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins under the same binocular rivalry conditions. Rate-of-switch when viewing a bistable Necker Cube was also recorded for each subject. Results suggest that there is a very strong heritability component related to switch rate in the case of binocular rivalry, but a much weaker genetic contribution to the switching rate of pictorial bistable images (Necker Cube). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shannon2009,
author = {Shannon, Robert and Jiang, Yi and Bernat, Edward and Patrick, Christopher and He, Sheng},
title = {Genetic contribution to the rate of switching in bistable perception },
journal = {Journal of Vision },
year = {2009}
}
|
|||||
| Shannon, R.W., Patrick, C.J., Jiang, Y., Bernat, E. and He, S. | Genes contribute to the switching dynamics of bistable perception | 2011 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Ordinarily, the visual system provides an unambiguous representation of the world. However, at times alternative plausible interpretations of a given stimulus arise, resulting in a dynamic perceptual alternation of the differing interpretations, commonly referred to as bistable or rivalrous perception. Recent research suggests that common neural mechanisms may be involved in the dynamics of very different types of bistable phenomena. Further, evidence has emerged that genetic factors may be involved in determining the rate of switch for at least one form of bistable perception, known as binocular rivalry. The current study evaluated whether genetic factors contribute to the switching dynamics for distinctly different variants of bistable perception in the same participant sample. Switching rates were recorded for MZ and DZ twin participants in two different bistable perception tasks, binocular rivalry and the Necker Cube. Strong concordance in switching rates across both tasks was evident for MZ but not DZ twins, indicating that genetic factors indeed contribute to the dynamics of multiple forms of bistable perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shannon2011,
author = {Shannon, R. W. and Patrick, C. J. and Jiang, Y. and Bernat, E. and He, S.},
title = {Genes contribute to the switching dynamics of bistable perception},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201200025}
}
|
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| Shapley, R. and Maertens, M. | Angle alignment evokes perceived depth and illusory surfaces | 2008 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: There is a distinct visual process that triggers the perception of illusory surfaces and contours along the intersections of aligned, zigzag line patterns. Such illusory contours and surfaces are qualitatively different from illusory contours of the Kanizsa type. The illusory contours and surfaces in this case are not the product of occlusion and do not imply occlusion of one surface by another. Rather, the aligned angles in the patterns are combined by the visual system into the perception of a fold or a 3-D corner, as of stairs on a staircase or a wall ending on a floor. The depth impression is ambiguous and reversible like the Necker cube. Such patterns were used by American Indian artists of the Akimel O'odham (Pima) tribe in basketry, and also by modern European and American artists like Josef Albers, Bridget Riley, Victor Vasarely, and Frank Stella. Our research aims to find out what manipulations of the visual image affect perceived depth in such patterns in order to learn about the perceptual mechanisms. Using paired comparisons, we find that human observers perceive depth in such patterns if, and only if, lines in adjacent regions of the patterns join to form angles, and also if, and only if, the angles are aligned precisely to be consistent with a fold or 3-D corner. The amount of perceived depth is graded, depending on the steepness and the density of angles in the aligned-angle pattern. The required precision of the alignment implies that early retinotopic visual cortical areas may be involved in this perceptual behavior, but the linkage of form with perceived depth suggests involvement of higher cortical areas as well. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shapley2008,
author = {Shapley, Robert and Maertens, Marianne},
title = {Angle alignment evokes perceived depth and illusory surfaces},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2008},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p5987}
}
|
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| Shen, L., Zeng, Z.L., Huang, P.Y., Li, Q., Mu, J., Huang, X.Q., Lui, S., Gong, Q.Y. and Xie, P. | Temporal cortex participates in spontaneous perceptual reversal | 2009 | NeuroReport | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The Necker cube is perceived as two distinct three-dimensional forms; participants experience alternation between two mutually exclusive perceptions. Perceptual dominance for one form tends to be maintained when the visual stimulus is intermittently removed. The effect is enhanced with the Necker lattice (an array of Necker cubes). Neural processes underlying perceptual reversal and stabilization are unknown. Functional MRI was used to investigate the brain regions involved. Regional activation differed between endogenous and stimulus-driven perceptual reversals, and between reversal and stabilization. Our results indicated that the right anterior portion of superior temporal sulcus is likely to be involved in perceptual stabilization (perceptual memory), whereas reversal is modulated by destabilizing influences from the right frontal lobe. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shen2009,
author = {Shen, Lin and Zeng, Zhi Lei and Huang, Pei Yu and Li, Qi and Mu, Jun and Huang, Xiao Qi and Lui, Su and Gong, Qi Yong and Xie, Peng},
title = {Temporal cortex participates in spontaneous perceptual reversal},
journal = {NeuroReport},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32832974a8}
}
|
|||||
| Shimada, Y., Meguro, K., Kasai, M., Shimada, M., Ishii, H., Yamaguchi, S. and Yamadori, A. | Necker cube copying ability in normal elderly and Alzheimer's disease. A community-based study: The Tajiri project | 2006 | Psychogeriatrics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of normal elderly participants and patients with Alzheimer's disease to copy the Necker cube. Method: One hundred and seventy elderly participants were randomly selected from the town of Tajiri, northern Japan, and were classified into three groups based on the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): CDR 0, healthy; CDR 0.5, questionable dementia; and CDR 1 and 2, mild and moderate dementia. Dementia patients (CDR 1 and 2) met the criteria of probable AD of the NINCDS-ADRDA. Using eight original criteria, we examined their ability to copy the Necker cube. Results: Most CDR 0 participants could at least succeed in copying a simple cube. About a half of the AD patients could not draw a three-dimensional figure. Among the CDR 0.5 participants, we found a 'two-peak' distribution. Conclusion: Copying the Necker cube may be one useful task for the detection of very mild Alzheimer's disease. textcopyright 2006 Japanese Psychogeriatric Society. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shimada2006,
author = {Shimada, Yoichi and Meguro, Kenichi and Kasai, Mari and Shimada, Masumi and Ishii, Hiroshi and Yamaguchi, Satoshi and Yamadori, Atsushi},
title = {Necker cube copying ability in normal elderly and Alzheimer's disease. A community-based study: The Tajiri project},
journal = {Psychogeriatrics},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00121.x}
}
|
|||||
| Shimaoka, D., Kitajo, K., Kaneko, K. and Yamaguchi, Y. | Transient process of cortical activity during Necker cube perception: From local clusters to global synchrony | 2010 | Nonlinear Biomedical Physics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been discussed that neural phase-synchrony across distant cortical areas (or global phase-synchrony) was correlated with various aspects of consciousness. The generating process of the synchrony, however, remains largely unknown. As a first step, we investigate transient process of global phase-synchrony, focusing on phase-synchronized clusters. We hypothesize that the phase-synchronized clusters are dynamically organized before global synchrony and clustering patterns depend on perceptual conditions.backslashnbackslashnMETHODS: In an EEG study, Kitajo reported that phase-synchrony across distant cortical areas was selectively enhanced by top-down attention around 4 Hz in Necker cube perception. Here, we further analyzed the phase-synchronized clusters using hierarchical clustering which sequentially binds up the nearest electrodes based on similarity of phase locking between the cortical signals. First, we classified dominant components of the phase-synchronized clusters over time. We then investigated how the phase-synchronized clusters change with time, focusing on their size and spatial structure.backslashnbackslashnRESULTS: Phase-locked clusters organized a stable spatial pattern common to the perceptual conditions. In addition, the phase-locked clusters were modulated transiently depending on the perceptual conditions and the time from the perceptual switch. When top-down attention succeeded in switching perception as subjects intended, independent clusters at frontal and occipital areas grew to connect with each other around the time of the perceptual switch. However, the clusters in the occipital and left parietal areas remained divided when top-down attention failed in switching perception. When no primary biases exist, the cluster in the occipital area grew to its maximum at the time of the perceptual switch within the occipital area.backslashnbackslashnCONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed the existence of stable phase-synchronized clusters. Furthermore, these clusters were transiently connected with each other. The connecting pattern depended on subjects' internal states. These results suggest that subjects' attentional states are associated with distinct spatio-temporal patterns of the phase-locked clusters. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shimaoka2010,
author = {Shimaoka, Daisuke and Kitajo, Keiichi and Kaneko, Kunihiko and Yamaguchi, Yoko},
title = {Transient process of cortical activity during Necker cube perception: From local clusters to global synchrony},
journal = {Nonlinear Biomedical Physics},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-4631-4-S1-S7}
}
|
|||||
| Shore, H. | Complementary spatial locations, width, and disparity | 1985 | Journal of Theoretical Biology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: An alternative analysis is offered for human depth perception in addition to the depth cue of disparity. The new analysis considers locations both proximal and distal to the fixation point and offers an explanation as to why a stimulus presented at one disparity sign may be mistakenly considered to posses the opposite sign. Three descriptions of applications, the Pulfrich phenomenon, an interpretation of the Hornbostel effect (the three-dimensional Necker cube), and the determination of the limits of stereoscopic vision, are discussed. In addition the new analysis discloses a particular advantage of binocular over monocular vision which had not been appreciated formerly. The new analysis offers a powerful analytical tool of simple mathematical form. The means of conversion from the new analysis to and from disparity is included. In addition the similarity between the new approach and the classical lens equation is examined. textcopyright 1985 Academic Press Inc. (London) Ltd. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shore1985,
author = {Shore, Harold},
title = {Complementary spatial locations, width, and disparity},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5193(85)80186-7}
}
|
|||||
| Shulman, G.L. | Attentional effects on Necker cube adaptation | 1993 | Can.J.Exp.Psychol. | article | |
| Abstract: When one unambiguous view of a cube is shown for a prolonged time, an the Necker cube of the opposite orientation is perceived with higher probability. If during the adaptation phase a large and small cube with opposite orientation are presented, and atention is directed to the smaller of the two the effect occurs, but it does not if it is directed to the larger. This suggests the attention to the larger does not exclude the smaller sufficiently | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Shulman1993,
author = {Shulman, G L},
title = {Attentional effects on Necker cube adaptation},
journal = {Can.J.Exp.Psychol.},
year = {1993}
}
|
|||||
| Slotnick, S.D. and Yantis, S. | Common neural substrates for the control and effects of visual attention and perceptual bistability | 2005 | Cognitive Brain Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Behavioral studies have suggested that bistable figure perception is mediated by spatial attention. We tested this hypothesis using event-related functional MRI. During central fixation, two tilted squares containing coherently moving dots were presented in the left and right hemifields. In the attention condition, participants were occasionally cued to shift attention between the squares. In the perception condition, corresponding corners of the squares were connected by horizontal lines producing a perceptually bistable Necker cube figure. Observers reported which of the two faces appeared 'forward' in depth; cues elicited voluntary perceptual reversals. Attending to either square during the attention condition or perceiving either square as forward during the perception condition yielded increased activity in contralateral visual areas. Furthermore, voluntary shifts of attention and voluntary shifts in perceptual configuration were associated with common activity in the posterior parietal cortex, part of the frontoparietal attentional control network. These results support the hypothesis that voluntary shifts in perceptual bistability are mediated by spatial attention. textcopyright 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Slotnick2005,
author = {Slotnick, Scott D. and Yantis, Steven},
title = {Common neural substrates for the control and effects of visual attention and perceptual bistability},
journal = {Cognitive Brain Research},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.12.008}
}
|
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| Snell, T.L., McLean, L.A., McAsey, F., Zhang, M. and Maggs, D. | Nature Streaming: Contrasting the Effectiveness of Perceived Live and Recorded Videos of Nature for Restoration | 2018 | Environment and Behavior | misc | DOI |
| Abstract: This study investigated whether a video of a natural landscape would be more effective for restoration, including attention restoration and recovery from stress, when perceived as live rather than recorded. In total, 60 participants undertook attention-expending and stress inducing tasks, before being randomly assigned to one of three conditions (perceived live video, recorded video, and control). Attention recovery was assessed using Digit Span Backwards (DSB) and the Necker Cube Pattern Control (NCPC) pre- and post-condition, while stress was measured via skin conductivity, heart rate, and heart rate variability. We found that only participants in the live group significantly improved on the NCPC, whereas stress recovery was similar for both perceived live and recorded groups. Our findings suggest that a perceived live stream of nature may allow for greater cognitive inhibition, an important aspect of learning, whereas both perceived live and recorded videos effectively reduced sympathetic stress responses. | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Snell2018,
author = {Snell, Tristan Leslie and McLean, Louise Anne and McAsey, Finn and Zhang, Michael and Maggs, Diana},
title = {Nature Streaming: Contrasting the Effectiveness of Perceived Live and Recorded Videos of Nature for Restoration},
booktitle = {Environment and Behavior},
year = {2018},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518787318}
}
|
|||||
| Sonntag-Öström, E., Nordin, M., Lundell, Y., Dolling, A., Wiklund, U., Karlsson, M., Carlberg, B. and Slunga Järvholm, L. | Restorative effects of visits to urban and forest environments in patients with exhaustion disorder | 2014 | Urban Forestry and Urban Greening | article | DOI |
| Abstract: This experimental study investigated differences in perceived restorativeness, mood, attention capacity and physiological reactions when visiting city and forest environments. Twenty female patients diagnosed with exhaustion disorder visited three different forest environments and one city environment in randomized order. They performed a standardized 90-min test procedure in each of these environments. Evaluation of the environments and psychological effects in mood were studied with self-administered questionnaires. Attention capacity was studied with Necker Cube Pattern Control task. Physiological responses were measured with regularly scheduled controls of heart rate and blood pressure, and a single test of heart rate recovery. Visits to the forest environments were perceived as significantly more restorative, enhancing mood and attention capacity compared to the city. This also applies to the results of heart rate and to some extent to the results of the diastolic blood pressure. The results from this experimental study support our hypothesis that short visits to forest environments enhance both psychological and physiological recovery and that visits to forest environments are likely to be beneficial when suffering from exhaustion disorder. textcopyright 2014 Elsevier GmbH. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sonntag-Ostrom2014,
author = {Sonntag-Öström, Elisabet and Nordin, Maria and Lundell, Ylva and Dolling, Ann and Wiklund, Urban and Karlsson, Marcus and Carlberg, Bo and Slunga Järvholm, Lisbeth},
title = {Restorative effects of visits to urban and forest environments in patients with exhaustion disorder},
journal = {Urban Forestry and Urban Greening},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.12.007}
}
|
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| Stoesz, B.M. and Jakobson, L.S. | Perceptual reversal patterns in individuals with Asperger Syndrome | 2010 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: When viewing ambiguous figures, individuals can exert selective attentional control over their perceptual reversals (e.g., Struber & Stadler, 1999). In the current study, we replicated this finding and also found that ambiguous figures containing faces are processed quite differently from those containing objects. Viewers' were able to divide their attention equally between the two face interpretations of Boring's young girl-old woman, and showed a face preference when viewing Rubin's vase-face. When instructed to alternate quickly between competing interpretations, their reversal rates were much quicker for these two figures than for figures containing only objects (Maltese cross, Necker cube), a finding that might reflect greater use of a holistic processing strategy when viewing figures involving faces. This was examined by comparing reversal behaviours for upright and inverted versions of Rubin's vase-face and looking for inversion effects (i.e., alterations in reversal behaviours associated with inversion). Viewers spent more time perceiving the face than the vase interpretation with upright but not inverted stimuli, and made faster reversals with upright than inverted displays. These findings suggest that face inversion influences how we attend to faces, in addition to how we perceive and process them. Describing the perceptual reversal patterns of individuals in the general population allowed us to draw comparisons to behaviours exhibited by individuals with Asperger Syndrome (AS). The group data suggested that these individuals were less affected than neurotypical controls by figure type or stimulus inversion. Examination of individual scores, moreover, revealed that the majority of participants with AS showed atypical reversal patterns, particularly with ambiguous figures containing faces. The majority also showed an atypical rather than a diminished or absent inversion effect. Together, our results show that ambiguous figures can be a valuable tool for examining face processing mechanisms in the general population and other distinct groups of individuals. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Stoesz2010,
author = {Stoesz, B. M. and Jakobson, L. S.},
title = {Perceptual reversal patterns in individuals with Asperger Syndrome},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/9.8.478}
}
|
|||||
| Strüber, D. and Stadler, M. | Differences in top - Down influences on the reversal rate of different categories of reversible figures | 1999 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Understanding the mechanisms underlying the multistability of reversible figures may provide valuable insights into the normal functioning of our visual system. The proposed factors that control the perceptual alternations of reversible figures can be classified into bottom-up and top-down processes. In the present study, we report differences in top-down effects on the reversal rate depending on whether a structural perspective (Necker cube, Schröder staircase) or a meaningful content (duck/rabbit figure, chef/dog figure) is subject to the reversal phenomenon. In order to activate top-down mechanisms explicitly the subjects had the instruction to bring the reversal rate under voluntary control. The results indicated that both slowing down and speeding up the rate of alternations was more effective for the content-reversal figures (duck/rabbit, chef/dog) than for the rather abstract perspective-reversal figures (Necker cube, Schröder staircase). In order to investigate the effect of meaningfulness in figure/ground reversals, the effect of the same instructional variable was also determined for Rubin's vase/faces and the Maltese cross. The results showed a similar tendency as in the case of the comparison between perspective reversals and content reversals. Possible cognitive processes that may play a role in top-down influences on figure reversal and theoretical implications of these findings for the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes are discussed. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Struber1999,
author = {Strüber, Daniel and Stadler, Michael},
title = {Differences in top - Down influences on the reversal rate of different categories of reversible figures},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1999},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p2973}
}
|
|||||
| Strüber, D., Basar-Eroglu, C., Miener, M. and Stadler, M. | EEG gamma-band response during the perception of Necker cube reversals | 2001 | Visual Cognition | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In two former studies our research group reported frontal gamma-band enhance- ment during multistable visual perception and reversal rate dependent differ- ences in the gamma-band. In these studies, a dynamic reversible figure was used which was based on the phenomenon of apparent motion. The aim of this study was to examine whether the results obtained with a dynamic motion paradigm can be replicated with the static Necker cube. The results demonstrate a general frontal gamma-band enhancement and higher induced gamma activity for sub- jects with a relatively high reversal rate in comparison to subjects with a rela- tively low reversal rate. This pattern of results fits well to the findings obtained with the dynamic motion paradigm. Therefore, the important role of frontal gamma activity for figure reversals has received further evidence. The results support the involvement of attentional top-down processing of figure reversal that is not directly related to binding processes. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Struber2001,
author = {Strüber, D. and Basar-Eroglu, C. and Miener, M. and Stadler, M.},
title = {EEG gamma-band response during the perception of Necker cube reversals},
journal = {Visual Cognition},
year = {2001},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280143000151}
}
|
|||||
| Suchy, Y. and Osmon, D.C. | Fractionated scores of executive function: Construct validity of the Milwaukee Card Sorting Test | 1996 | Brain and Cognition | article | |
| Abstract: The Milwaukee Card Sorting Test is a modification of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which affords fractionation of the original Perseverative Response into putatively more specific measures of executive functions. The cognitive structure of these scores was examined using a Stepwise Multiple Regression, with Controlled Oral Word Association, Stroop Test Part C, Delayed Response, Delayed Alternation, Necker Cube, Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, WAIS-R Information, and premorbid IQ estimate as predictors. The results show that (a) Automatic Perseverative Response, Reinforced Perseverative Response, and Verbal-Behavior Discord are more specific measures of executive functioning compared to Perseverative Response and (b) that the Category Achieved score is somewhat more sensitive to intellectual, compared to executive, functioning. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Suchy1996,
author = {Suchy, Y and Osmon, D C},
title = {Fractionated scores of executive function: Construct validity of the Milwaukee Card Sorting Test},
journal = {Brain and Cognition},
year = {1996}
}
|
|||||
| Sundareswara, R. | Probabilistic inference in human and computer vision. | 2008 | Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering | misc | |
| Abstract: This thesis aims to improve the understanding of 3-dimensional geometry from images as a statistical inference problem provides both new explanations for the origins of spontaneous perceptual switching in the human visual system, and new computer vision algorithms with lower 3D reconstruction errors. Perceptual Bistability refers to the phenomenon of spontaneous perceptual switching between two likely interpretations of a single image. Although frequently explained by processes of adaptation or hysteresis, we show that perceptual switching can arise as a natural by-product of performing probabilistic (Bayesian) inference, which interprets images by combining models of image formation with knowledge of scene regularities. We introduce a theoretical model consistent with Bayesian models of vision that involves searching for good interpretations of an image by sampling a bimodal posterior distribution representing the two interpretations of a Necker cube (a cuboidal wire frame object capable of eliciting two distinct percepts). This sampling scheme, coupled with a decay process that favors recent over old interpretations, is capable of producing data that resembles human bistable behavior. Furthermore, we introduce psychophysical experiments that are equivalent to manipulating the prior probability influencing the interpretation of the Necker cube. We show that human bistable switching behavior can be predicted with the equivalent manipulations of the theoretical model. To describe changes in the temporal dynamics of the perceptual alternations beyond traditional static measures like percept durations, we introduce Markov Renewal Processes (MRPs). MRPs provide a general mathematical framework for describing probabilistic switching behavior in finite state processes. Furthermore, we show the MRP is predicted by the Bayesian model. Because the Bayesian model produces the same kind of stochastic process found in human perceptual behavior, we conclude that bistability may represent an unavoidable by-product of normal perceptual inference with ambiguous images. Additionally, this thesis contributes to the computer vision applications of 3D reconstruction by using a Bayesian approach to handling camera calibration error to improve the quality of object reconstruction, discounting the effect of viewpoint. This approach provides a statistically optimal reconstruction for which error from viewpoint has been minimized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@misc{Sundareswara2008,
author = {Sundareswara, Rashmi},
title = {Probabilistic inference in human and computer vision.},
booktitle = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering},
year = {2008}
}
|
|||||
| Sundareswara, R. and Schrater, P.R. | Perceptual multistability predicted by search model for Bayesian decisions | 2008 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perceptual multistability refers to the phenomenon of spontaneous perceptual switching between two or more likely interpretations of an image. Although frequently explained by processes of adaptation or hysteresis, we show that perceptual switching can arise as a natural byproduct of perceptual decision making based on probabilistic (Bayesian) inference, which interprets images by combining probabilistic models of image formation with knowledge of scene regularities. Empirically, we investigated the effect of introducing scene regularities on Necker cube bistability by flanking the Necker cube with fields of unambiguous cubes that are oriented to coincide with one of the Necker cube percepts. We show that background cubes increase the time spent in percepts most similar to the background. To characterize changes in the temporal dynamics of the perceptual alternations beyond percept durations, we introduce Markov Renewal Processes (MRPs). MRPs provide a general mathematical framework for describing probabilistic switching behavior in finite state processes. Additionally, we introduce a simple theoretical model consistent with Bayesian models of vision that involves searching for good interpretations of an image by sampling a posterior distribution coupled with a decay process that favors recent to old interpretations. The model has the same quantitative characteristics as our human data and variation in model parameters can capture between-subject variation. Because the model produces the same kind of stochastic process found in human perceptual behavior, we conclude that multistability may represent an unavoidable by-product of normal perceptual (Bayesian) decision making with ambiguous images. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Sundareswara2008a,
author = {Sundareswara, Rashmi and Schrater, Paul R.},
title = {Perceptual multistability predicted by search model for Bayesian decisions},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2008},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/8.5.12}
}
|
|||||
| Taddei-Ferretti, C., Radilova, J., Musio, C., Santillo, S., Cibelli, E., Cotugno, A. and Radil, T. | The effects of pattern shape, subliminal stimulation, and voluntary control on multistable visual perception | 2008 | Brain Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Spontaneous figure reversal of ambiguous patterns was analyzed in humans. A) With Necker-"cube"-like, or "drum"-like figures, having square or round shaped "front" and "rear" surfaces, and either large or small "depth", the perceptual intervals corresponding to both interpretations of "drum" were longer than those of "cube"; the perceived "depth" of the figures was less relevant for reversal timing (inter-reversal intervals were only slightly longer for the "deeper" figures). Although the shape of "front" and "rear" surfaces is not a crucial geometrical feature for figure reversal, it did influence its timing. More, or longer information-processing steps should probably be needed for perceptual representations of curvilinear patterns in comparison with rectangular ones. The underlying neural mechanisms are probably located at a relatively peripheral level in the visual system. B) With a modified Necker "cube"-like figure, having the two internal vertices coincident, and the long axis of the figure aligned horizontally, the effect of voluntary control on perception-reversal timing overcomes opposite effects due to either fixation-attention to pattern's focal zones, or subliminal stimulation by the pattern's biased versions, suggesting one or the other perception's possibility, while it is enhanced by concordant imagery. Voluntary control should intervene downward at a high-level processing, and should probably affect both a decision-making and a perception-stabilizing mechanism in the process of the pattern's unconscious interpretation. Results A and B are confronted with other results on both perceptual and binocular rivalry of up-to-date literature, in the frame of discussions on low-level bottom-up automatic stimulus-driven processing vs high-level top-down covert attention-driven processing. textcopyright 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Taddei-Ferretti2008,
author = {Taddei-Ferretti, C. and Radilova, J. and Musio, C. and Santillo, S. and Cibelli, E. and Cotugno, A. and Radil, T.},
title = {The effects of pattern shape, subliminal stimulation, and voluntary control on multistable visual perception},
journal = {Brain Research},
year = {2008},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.064}
}
|
|||||
| Ta'edd, L.K., Ta'eed, O. and Wright, J.E. | Determinants involved in the perception of the necker cube: An application of catastrophe theory | 1988 | Behavioral Science | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The study is concerned with evaluating interactions at the organic level within the visual perception subsystem of living systems. The reported work focuses on the identification of some of the determinants of multistable perception by experimentally testing a nonlinear dynamical systems (catastrophe) model of the Necker Cube. This technique serves as an advantage over linear threshold models which cannot effectively study multivalued functional relationships. It was proposed that manipulation of two independent control parameters (bias or changing shape by continuously varying perspective lines and selective stimulus shading) was compatible with the subjective dichotomy of bistable perception of the Necker cube. One hundred and twenty naive subjects, categorized by age, sex, and optical aids, were presented with a computer-generated sequence of 63 stimuli (7 shading levels X 9 perspective levels) to which they had to respond as to whether they saw a "hollow" or "solid" image. The work revealed that bias and shading exerted their effects in opposition and that each influenced the other. Both were decisive factors involved in the perception of the cube. These findings are supported by topological and psychological evidence. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Taedd1988,
author = {Ta'edd, Latha K. and Ta'eed, O. and Wright, J. E.},
title = {Determinants involved in the perception of the necker cube: An application of catastrophe theory},
journal = {Behavioral Science},
year = {1988},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830330203}
}
|
|||||
| The, P.A., The, B., The, C. and Drive, O. | A Note on Approximating Distribution Functions University of Wisconsin-Madison and NBER July 2004 | 2004 | Observatory | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perceptual multistability refers to the phenomenon of spontaneous perceptual switching between two or more likely interpretations of an image. Although frequently explained by processes of adaptation or hysteresis, we show that perceptual switching can arise as a natural byproduct of perceptual decision making based on probabilistic (Bayesian) inference, which interprets images by combining probabilistic models of image formation with knowledge of scene regularities. Empirically, we investigated the effect of introducing scene regularities on Necker cube bistability by flanking the Necker cube with fields of unambiguous cubes that are oriented to coincide with one of the Necker cube percepts. We show that background cubes increase the time spent in percepts most similar to the background. To characterize changes in the temporal dynamics of the perceptual alternations beyond percept durations, we introduce Markov Renewal Processes (MRPs). MRPs provide a general mathematical framework for describing probabilistic switching behavior in finite state processes. Additionally, we introduce a simple theoretical model consistent with Bayesian models of vision that involves searching for good interpretations of an image by sampling a posterior distribution coupled with a decay process that favors recent to old interpretations. The model has the same quantitative characteristics as our human data and variation in model parameters can capture between-subject variation. Because the model produces the same kind of stochastic process found in human perceptual behavior, we conclude that multistability may represent an unavoidable by-product of normal perceptual (Bayesian) decision making with ambiguous images. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{The2004,
author = {The, Proposition A and The, B and The, C and Drive, Observatory},
title = {A Note on Approximating Distribution Functions University of Wisconsin-Madison and NBER July 2004},
journal = {Observatory},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/8.5.12.Introduction}
}
|
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| Toppino, T.C. and Long, G.M. | Selective adaptation with reversible figures: Don't change that channel | 1987 | Perception & Psychophysics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: An adaptation-test paradigm was used in two experiments examining processes underlying the perceived reversals of a rotating Necker cube. Adaptation and test cubes were either the same or different with respect to their visual fields of presentation (Experiment 1) or their sizes (Ex- periment 2).Results ofboth experiments indicated that, following subjects' adaptation to a different cube, reversal rate of the test cube did not differ from that obtained without prior adaptation experience. In contrast, reversal rate of the test cube was elevated following adaptation to the same cube. Additional findings of Experiment 1 were that a test cube presented to the same visual field as the adaptation cube yielded a higher reversal rate than did a simultaneously presented cube in the opposite visual field. Also, the reversal rate of one cube was not influenced by the simultaneous presentation of a second cube. Results ofboth experiments were interpreted in terms of the fatigue and recovery of multiple, largely independent, localized neural channels. Thus, the results tie reversible-figure illusions to other visual phenomena thought to involve similar fatigue processes within localized visual channels (e.g., tilt, motion, and size aftereffects). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Toppino1987,
author = {Toppino, Thomas C. and Long, Gerald M.},
title = {Selective adaptation with reversible figures: Don't change that channel},
journal = {Perception & Psychophysics},
year = {1987},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211512}
}
|
|||||
| Toppino, T.C. | Reversible-figure perception: Mechanisms of intentional control | 2003 | Perception and Psychophysics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Observers can exert a degree of intentional control over the perception of reversible figures. Also, the portion of the stimulus that is selected for primary or enhanced processing (focal-feature processing) influences how observers perceive a reversible figure. Two experiments investigated whether voluntary control over perception of a Necker cube could be explained in terms of intentionally selecting appropriate focal features within the stimulus for primary processing. In Experiment 1, varying observers' intentions and the focus of primary processing produced additive effects on the percentage of time that one alternative was perceived. In Experiment 2, the effect of varying the focus of primary processing was eliminated by the use of a small cube, but the effect of intention was unaltered. The results indicate that intentional control over perception can be exerted independently of focal-feature processing, perhaps by top-down activation or priming of perceptual representations. The results also reveal the limits of intentional control. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Toppino2003,
author = {Toppino, Thomas C.},
title = {Reversible-figure perception: Mechanisms of intentional control},
journal = {Perception and Psychophysics},
year = {2003},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194852}
}
|
|||||
| Troje, N. | Perceptual biases in biological motion perception and other depth-ambiguous stimuli | 2009 | Brain and Cognition | article | DOI |
| Abstract: textlessptextgreaterBiological motion stick-figures rendered orthographically and without self-occlusions do not contain any information about the order of their elements in depth and therefore are consistent with at least two different in-depth interpretations. Interestingly, however, the visual system often prefers one over the other interpretation. In this study, we are investigating two different sources for such biases: the looking-from-above bias and the facing-the-viewer bias (Vanrie et al. 2004). We measure perceived depth as a function of the azimuthal orientation of the walker, the camera elevation, and the walker's gender, which have previously been reported to also affect the facing bias (Brooks et al, 2008). We also compare dynamic walkers with static stick-figure displays. Observers are required to determine whether 0.5 s presentations of stick-figures are rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise - basically telling us in that way which of the two possible in-depth interpretations they are perceiving. In contrast to previous work, this measure is entirely bias-free in itself. Data collected with this method show that the facing-the-viewer bias is even stronger than previously reported and that it entirely dominates the viewing-from-above bias. Effects of walker gender could not be confirmed. Static figures which imply motion result in facing biases which are almost as strong as obtained for dynamic walker. The viewing-from-above bias becomes prominent for the profile views of walkers, for which the facing-the-viewer bias does not apply, and for other depth ambiguous stimuli (such as the Necker cube). In all these cases, we find a very strong bias to interpret the 2D image in terms of a 3D scene as seen from above rather than from below. We discuss our results in the context of other work on depth ambiguous figures and look at differences between the initial percept as measured in our experiments and bistability observed during longer stimulus presentations.textless/ptextgreater | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Troje2009,
author = {Troje, Nikolaus},
title = {Perceptual biases in biological motion perception and other depth-ambiguous stimuli},
journal = {Brain and Cognition},
year = {2009},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/10.7.792}
}
|
|||||
| Turner, E.D. and Bevan, W. | Patterns of experience and the perceived orientation of the necker cube [BibTeX] |
1964 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
BibTeX:
@article{Turner1964,
author = {Turner, Edward D. and Bevan, William},
title = {Patterns of experience and the perceived orientation of the necker cube},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1964},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.33252}
}
|
|||||
| Umali, M. | Voluntary versus Involuntary Perceptual Switching : Mechanistic Differences in Viewing an Ambiguous Figure a b | 1978 | Perception | article | |
| Abstract: Here we demonstrate the mechanistic differences between voluntary and involuntary switching of the perception of an ambiguous figure. In our experiment, participants viewed a 3D ambiguous figure, the Necker cube, and were asked to maintain one of two possible interpretations across four different conditions of varying cognitive load. These conditions differed in the instruction to freely view, make guided saccades, or fixate on a central cross. In the fourth condition, subjects were instructed to make guided saccades while unambiguous versions of the stimulus were intermittently flashed. Eye tracking measurements revealed consistent differences between voluntary and involuntary perceptual switching. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Umali1978,
author = {Umali, Michelle},
title = {Voluntary versus Involuntary Perceptual Switching : Mechanistic Differences in Viewing an Ambiguous Figure a b},
journal = {Perception},
year = {1978}
}
|
|||||
| Urakawa, T., Aragaki, T. and Araki, O. | Exogenously-driven perceptual alternation of a bistable image: From the perspective of the visual change detection process | 2017 | Neuroscience Letters | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Based on the predictive coding framework, the present behavioral study focused on the automatic visual change detection process, which yields a concomitant prediction error, as one of the visual processes relevant to the exogenously-driven perceptual alternation of a bistable image. According to this perspective, we speculated that the automatic visual change detection process with an enhanced prediction error is relevant to the greater induction of exogenously-driven perceptual alternation and attempted to test this hypothesis. A modified version of the oddball paradigm was used based on previous electroencephalographic studies on visual change detection, in which the deviant and standard defined by the bar's orientation were symmetrically presented around a continuously presented Necker cube (a bistable image). By manipulating inter-stimulus intervals and the number of standard repetitions, we set three experimental blocks: HM, IM, and LM blocks, in which the strength of the prediction error to the deviant relative to the standard was expected to gradually decrease in that order. The results obtained showed that the deviant significantly increased perceptual alternation of the Necker cube over that by the standard from before to after the presentation of the deviant. Furthermore, the differential proportion of the deviant relative to the standard significantly decreased from the HM block to the IM and LM blocks. These results are consistent with our hypothesis, supporting the involvement of the automatic visual change detection process in the induction of exogenously-driven perceptual alternation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Urakawa2017,
author = {Urakawa, Tomokazu and Aragaki, Tomoya and Araki, Osamu},
title = {Exogenously-driven perceptual alternation of a bistable image: From the perspective of the visual change detection process},
journal = {Neuroscience Letters},
year = {2017},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.041}
}
|
|||||
| Uretskii, Y.S. and Rusyaev, N.N. | Designing simulators of wide-band random vibrations | 1979 | Measurement Techniques | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Until half a century ago, associative learning played a fundamental role in theories of perceptual appearance [Berkeley, G. (1709) An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (Dublin), 1st Ed.]. But starting in 1955 [Gibson, J. J. & Gibson, E. J. (1955) Psychol. Rev. 62, 32-41], most studies of perceptual learning have not been concerned with association or appearance but rather with improvements in discrimination ability. Here we describe a "cue recruitment" experiment, which is a straightforward adaptation of Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, that we used to measure changes in visual appearance caused by exposure to novel pairings of signals in visual stimuli. Trainees viewed movies of a rotating wire-frame (Necker) cube. This stimulus is perceptually bistable. On training trials, depth cues (stereo and occlusion) were added to force the perceived direction of rotation. Critically, an additional signal was also added, contingent on rotation direction. Stimuli on test trials contained the new signal but not the depth cues. Over 45 min, two of the three new signals that we tested acquired the ability to bias perceived rotation direction on their own. Results were consistent across the eight trainees in each experiment, and the new cue's effectiveness was long lasting. Whereas most adaptation aftereffects on appearance are opposite in direction to the training stimuli, these effects were positive. An individual new signal can be recruited by the visual system as a cue for the construction of visual appearance. Cue recruitment experiments may prove useful for reexamining of the role of experience in perception | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Uretskii1979,
author = {Uretskii, Ya S. and Rusyaev, N. N.},
title = {Designing simulators of wide-band random vibrations},
journal = {Measurement Techniques},
year = {1979},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00830057}
}
|
|||||
| Van Dalen, B.M. | Left ventricular ejection fraction by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: The Necker cube for the naive realism of two-dimensional methods [BibTeX] |
2014 | Netherlands Heart Journal | article | DOI |
BibTeX:
@article{VanDalen2014,
author = {Van Dalen, B. M.},
title = {Left ventricular ejection fraction by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: The Necker cube for the naive realism of two-dimensional methods},
journal = {Netherlands Heart Journal},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-014-0579-z}
}
|
|||||
| Van Dam, L.C. and Van Ee, R. | The role of saccades in exerting voluntary control in perceptual and binocular rivalry | 2006 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We have investigated the role of saccades and fixation positions in two perceptual rivalry paradigms (slant rivalry and Necker cube) and in two binocular rivalry paradigms (grating and house-face rivalry), and we compared results obtained from two different voluntary control conditions (natural viewing and hold percept). We found that for binocular rivalry, rather than for perceptual rivalry, there is a marked positive temporal correlation between saccades and perceptual flips at about the moment of the flip. Across different voluntary control conditions the pattern of temporal correlation did not change (although the amount of correlation did frequently, but not always, change), indicating that subjects do not use different temporal eye movement schemes to exert voluntary control. Analysis of the fixation positions at about the moment of the flips indicates that the fixation position by itself does not determine the percept but that subjects prefer to fixate at different positions when asked to hold either of the different percepts. textcopyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanDam2006,
author = {Van Dam, Loes C.J. and Van Ee, Raymond},
title = {The role of saccades in exerting voluntary control in perceptual and binocular rivalry},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.011}
}
|
|||||
| van Dam, L.C.J. and Ernst, M.O. | Preexposure disrupts learning of location-contingent perceptual biases for ambiguous stimuli | 2010 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: The perception of a bistable stimulus as one or the other interpretation can be biased by prior presentations of that stimulus. Such learning effects have been found to be long lasting even after small amounts of training. The effectiveness of training may be influenced by preexposure to the ambiguous stimulus. Here we investigate the role of preexposure for learning a position-dependent perceptual bias. We used rotating Necker Cubes as the bistable stimuli, which were presented at two locations: above or below fixation. On training trials, additional depth cues disambiguated the rotation direction contingent on the location. On test trials, the rotating cube was presented without disambiguation cues. Without preexposure to the ambiguous stimulus, subjects learned to perceive the cube to be rotating in the trained direction for both locations. However, subjects that were preexposed to the ambiguous stimulus did not learn the trained percept-location contingency, even though the preexposure was very short compared to the subsequent training. Preexposure to the disambiguated stimulus did not interfere with learning. This indicates a fundamental difference between ambiguous test and disambiguated training trials for learning a perceptual bias. In short, small variations in paradigm can have huge effects for the learning of perceptual biases for ambiguous stimuli. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanDam2010,
author = {van Dam, L. C. J. and Ernst, M. O.},
title = {Preexposure disrupts learning of location-contingent perceptual biases for ambiguous stimuli},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2010},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/10.8.15}
}
|
|||||
| Van Ee, R. | Dynamics of perceptual bi-stability for stereoscopic slant rivalry and a comparison with grating, house-face, and Necker cube rivalry | 2005 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: A way to study conscious perception is to expose the visual system to an ambiguous stimulus that instigates bi-stable perception. This provides the opportunity to study neural underpinnings related to the percepts rather than to the stimulus. We have recently developed a slant-rivalry paradigm that has beneficial metrical (quantitative) aspects and that exhibits temporal aspects of perceptual reversals that seemed to be under considerable voluntary control of the observer. Here we examined a range of different aspects of the temporal dynamics of the perceptual reversals of slant rivalry and we compared these with the dynamics of orthogonal grating rivalry, house-face rivalry, and Necker cube rivalry. We found that slant rivalry exhibits a qualitatively similar pattern of dynamics. The drift of the perceptual reversal rate, both across successive experimental repetitions, and across successive 35-s portions of data were similar. The sequential dependence of the durations of perceptual phases, too, revealed very similar patterns. The main quantitative difference, which could make slant rivalry a useful stimulus for future neurophysiological studies, is that the percept durations are relatively long compared to the other rivalry stimuli. In the paper that accompanies this paper [van Ee, R., van Dam, L. C. J., Brouwer, G. J. (2005). Voluntary control and the dynamics of perceptual bi-stability. Vision Research, doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.030] we focused on the role of voluntary control in the dynamics of perceptual reversals. textcopyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanEe2005,
author = {Van Ee, Raymond},
title = {Dynamics of perceptual bi-stability for stereoscopic slant rivalry and a comparison with grating, house-face, and Necker cube rivalry},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.039}
}
|
|||||
| Van Ee, R., Van Dam, L.C. and Brouwer, G.J. | Voluntary control and the dynamics of perceptual bi-stability | 2005 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Voluntary control and conscious perception seem to be related: when we are confronted with ambiguous images we are in some cases and to some extent able to voluntarily select a percept. However, to date voluntary control has not been used in neurophysiological studies on the correlates of conscious perception, presumably because the dynamic of perceptual reversals was not suitable. We exposed the visual system to four ambiguous stimuli that instigate bi-stable perception: slant rivalry, orthogonal grating rivalry, house-face rivalry, and Necker cube rivalry. In the preceding companion paper [van Ee, R. (2005). Dynamics of perceptual bi-stability for stereoscopic slant rivalry and a comparison with grating, house-face, and Necker cube rivalry. Vision Research] we focussed on the temporal dynamics of the perceptual reversals. Here we examined the role of voluntary control in the dynamics of perceptual reversals. We asked subjects to attempt to hold percepts and to speed-up the perceptual reversals. The investigations across the four stimuli revealed qualitative similarities concerning the influence of voluntary control on the temporal dynamics of perceptual reversals. We also found differences. In comparison to the other rivalry stimuli, slant rivalry exhibits: (1) relatively long percept durations; (2) a relatively clear role of voluntary control in modifying the percept durations. We advocate that these aspects, alongside with its metrical (quantitative) aspects, potentially make slant rivalry an interesting tool in studying the neural underpinnings of visual awareness. textcopyright 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanEe2005a,
author = {Van Ee, R. and Van Dam, L. C.J. and Brouwer, G. J.},
title = {Voluntary control and the dynamics of perceptual bi-stability},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2005},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.030}
}
|
|||||
| van Ee, R., Noest, A.J., Brascamp, J.W. and van den Berg, A.V. | Attentional control over either of the two competing percepts of ambiguous stimuli revealed by a two-parameter analysis: Means do not make the difference | 2006 | Vision Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We studied distributions of perceptual rivalry reversals, as defined by the two fitted parameters of the Gamma distribution. We did so for a variety of bi-stable stimuli and voluntary control exertion tasks. Subjects' distributions differed from one another for a particular stimulus and control task in a systematic way that reflects a constraint on the describing parameters. We found a variety of two-parameter effects, the most important one being that distributions of subjects differ from one another in the same systematic way across different stimuli and control tasks (i.e., a fast switcher remains fast across all conditions in a parameter-specified way). The cardinal component of subject-dependent variation was not the conventionally used mean reversal rate, but a component that was oriented-for all stimuli and tasks-roughly perpendicular to the mean rate. For the Necker cube, we performed additional experiments employing specific variations in control exertion, suggesting that subjects have to a considerable extent independent control over the reversal rate of either of the two competing percepts. textcopyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanEe2006,
author = {van Ee, R. and Noest, A. J. and Brascamp, J. W. and van den Berg, A. V.},
title = {Attentional control over either of the two competing percepts of ambiguous stimuli revealed by a two-parameter analysis: Means do not make the difference},
journal = {Vision Research},
year = {2006},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2006.03.017}
}
|
|||||
| Van Elk, M. and Blanke, O. | Balancing bistable perception during self-motion | 2012 | Experimental Brain Research | article | DOI |
| Abstract: In two experiments we investigated whether bistable visual perception is influenced by passive own body displacements due to vestibular stimulation. For this we passively rotated our participants around the vertical (yaw) axis while observing different rotating bistable stimuli (bodily or non-bodily) with different ambiguous motion directions. Based on previous work on multimodal effects on bistable perception, we hypothesized that vestibular stimulation should alter bistable perception and that the effects should differ for bodily versus non-bodily stimuli. In the first experiment, it was found that the rotation bias (i.e., the difference between the percentage of time that a CW or CCW rotation was perceived) was selectively modulated by vestibular stimulation: the perceived duration of the bodily stimuli was longer for the rotation direction congruent with the subject's own body rotation, whereas the opposite was true for the non-bodily stimulus (Necker cube). The results found in the second experiment extend the findings from the first experiment and show that these vestibular effects on bistable perception only occur when the axis of rotation of the bodily stimulus matches the axis of passive own body rotation. These findings indicate that the effect of vestibular stimulation on the rotation bias depends on the stimulus that is presented and the rotation axis of the stimulus. Although most studies on vestibular processing have traditionally focused on multisensory signal integration for posture, balance, and heading direction, the present data show that vestibular self-motion influences the perception of bistable bodily stimuli revealing the importance of vestibular mechanisms for visual consciousness. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanElk2012,
author = {Van Elk, Michiel and Blanke, Olaf},
title = {Balancing bistable perception during self-motion},
journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-012-3209-2}
}
|
|||||
| van Rooij, M.M.J.W. | Hysteresis in Processing of Perceptual Ambiguity on Three Different Timescales | 2013 | Radboud Repository | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Sensory information is a priori incomplete and ambiguous. Our perceptual system has to make predictions about the sources of the sensory information, based on concepts from perceptual memory in order to create stable and reliable percepts. We presented ambiguous and disambiguated lattice stimuli (variants of the Necker cube) in order to measure a hysteresis effects in visual perception. Fifteen healthy participants observed two periods of ordered sequences of lattices with increasing and decreasing ambiguity and indicated their percepts, in two experimental conditions with different starting stimuli of the ordered sequence. We compared the stimulus parameters at the perceptual reversal between conditions and periods and found significant differences between conditions and periods, indicating memory contributions to perceptual outcomes on three different time scales from milliseconds over seconds up to lifetime memory. Our results demonstrate the fruitful application of physical concepts like hysteresis and complementarity to visual perception. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{VanRooij2013,
author = {van Rooij, Marieke M. J. W.},
title = {Hysteresis in Processing of Perceptual Ambiguity on Three Different Timescales},
journal = {Radboud Repository},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3033202}
}
|
|||||
| Vasko, F.J. and Storozhyshina, N. | Balancing a transportation problem: Is it really that simple? | 2011 | OR Insight | article | DOI |
| Abstract: To make the argument that all morality is essen- tially one thing, Gray, Young, and Waytz employ a series of helpful analogies, portraying morality as a bull, an elephant, a dog, a Necker cube, H2O, a uni- versity, an invisible triangle, and the Grand Canyon Skywalk. This impressive metaphoric diversity illus- trates just howdifficult it is to fit something as rich and complex as human morality into a single characteri- zation. It also illustrates the authors' vagueness about what exactly is being argued by �essence.� | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Vasko2011,
author = {Vasko, Francis J and Storozhyshina, Nelya},
title = {Balancing a transportation problem: Is it really that simple?},
journal = {OR Insight},
year = {2011},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1057/ori.2011.6}
}
|
|||||
| Wallace, B. and Priebe, F.A. | Hypnotic susceptibility, interference, and alternation frequency to the necker cube illusion | 1985 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Two experiments (N = 60) were conducted to determine the effects of hypnotic susceptibility and interference on frequency of Necker cube apparent reversals (ARs). Interference was induced in Experiment 1 by having subjects respond to orally administered double-digit arithmetic (addition) problems while observing the Necker cube. In Experiment 2, counting backward by 3s served as interference. In both experiments, interference reduced ARs. Hypnotic susceptibility level also influenced ARs, with those scoring high on this attribute reporting more ARs than those scoring low. Attentional factors may have played a major role in producing the reported results. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wallace1985,
author = {Wallace, Benjamin and Priebe, Frances A.},
title = {Hypnotic susceptibility, interference, and alternation frequency to the necker cube illusion},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1985},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1985.9711012}
}
|
|||||
| Wallace, B. | Latency and frequency reports to the necker cube illusion: Effects of hypnotic susceptibility and mental arithmetic | 1986 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: An experiment (N = 32) was conducted to assess latency of first apparent reversal (AR) and AR frequency while observing the Necker cube illusion. Subjects who were either high in hypnotic susceptibility (susceptibles) or low in hypnotic susceptibility (resistant subjects) observed the cube either while performing or not performing mental addition problems. Susceptibles reported perceiving the first AR more quickly and a greater frequency of ARs than did resistant subjects. Also, latency of the first AR was negatively correlated with AR frequency. These results were interpreted in terms of the ability of susceptibles to allocate concentrative or selective attention in a manner that was conducive to faster performance, when faced with competing tasks. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wallace1986,
author = {Wallace, Benjamin},
title = {Latency and frequency reports to the necker cube illusion: Effects of hypnotic susceptibility and mental arithmetic},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1986},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1986.9710555}
}
|
|||||
| Wallace, B. | Hypnotic susceptibility, visual distraction, and reports of necker cube apparent reversals | 1988 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Subjects, either susceptible (n = 50) or resistant (n = 50) to hypnotic suggestion, were asked to report on frequency of apparent reversals (ARs) to the Necker cube illusion. Such reports were made in the presence or absence of various types of visual, geometric surrounds (squares, triangles, crosses, or parallelograms). In agreement with a number of previous experiments, susceptible subjects reported perceiving more ARs than did resistant subjects. This difference held whether visual surrounds were present or absent. The presence of surrounds did serve to reduce AR reports regardless of hypnotic susceptibility level. The results are examined in terms of the ability of subjects to selectively attend when confronted with potential visual distractors. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wallace1988,
author = {Wallace, Benjamin},
title = {Hypnotic susceptibility, visual distraction, and reports of necker cube apparent reversals},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1988},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1988.9710575}
}
|
|||||
| Wernery, J. | Bistable Perception of the Necker Cube in the Context of Cognition & Personality | 2013 | Dissertation ETH Zurich | article | |
| Abstract: The Necker cube is a bistable stimulus with a very long research history, spanning more than a century. Very early, its temporal dynamics and its stimulus properties were examined. It was found that the number of reversals within a certain time interval were reproducible to a high accuracy within one observer but could vary significantly between different observers. Already early in the first half of the 20th century, attempts at linking bistable perception of the Necker cube with personality were made. Even though much progress in the description of the reversal dynamics has been made since, a comprehensive understanding of inter-individual differences in bistable perception in terms personality traits and cognitive processes is still lacking today. Two studies on neutral and voluntarily controlled perception of the Necker cube were conducted. The temporal dynamics and its dependence on stimulus parameters as well as its relation to personality traits, mindfulness, temporal processing, working memory, general reaction times, attention and perception of an acoustic bistable stimulus were explored. New results on initial adaptation, goodness of fit and stationarity with respect to cube size were found. A quantitative analysis of a perceptual bias effect was given in terms of dwell time distributions. Individual differences in voluntary control over perception of the Necker cube were found to be related to personality traits and mindfulness. Several personality traits not related to bistable perception and some related to its neutral perception were identified. Furthermore, evidence for the presence of two mechanisms of temporal processing, namely processing speed and temporal integration, in bistable perception was discovered. Similarities and differences between perception of the Necker cube and a reversible word stimulus were reported. Finally, individual differences in working memory capacity seem likely not to relate to bistable perception. In conclusion, an improved description of the temporal dynamics of bistable perception and some low-level modulating factors was given. Furthermore, inter-individual differences in the dwell time distribution were shown to be reflected in several personality traits and cognitive processes, in particular time processing. This demonstrates that variations in bistable perception between individuals can indeed be better understood and classified by linking them to other characteristics in cognition and personality. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wernery2013,
author = {Wernery, Jannis},
title = {Bistable Perception of the Necker Cube in the Context of Cognition & Personality},
journal = {Dissertation ETH Zurich},
year = {2013}
}
|
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| Wernery, J., Atmanspacher, H., Kornmeier, J., Candia, V., Folkers, G. and Wittmann, M. | Temporal processing in bistable perception of the Necker cube | 2014 | Perception | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perception of ambiguous figures is unstable and alternates repeatedly between possible interpretations. Some approaches to explaining this phenomenon have, so far, assumed low-level bottom- up mechanisms like adaptation and mutual inhibition of underlying neural assemblies. In contrast, less precise top-down approaches assume high-level attentional control mechanisms generalised across sensory modalities. In the current work we focused on specific aspects of the top-down approach. In a first study we used dwell times (periods of transiently stable percepts) and the parameters of dwell time distribution functions to compare the dynamics of perceptual alternations between visual (Necker cube) and auditory ambiguity (verbal transformation effect). In a second study we compared the endogenous alternation dynamics of the Necker cube with parameters from two attention tasks with different regimes of temporal dynamics. The first attention task (d2) is characterised by endogenous self-paced dynamics, similar to the dynamics underlying perceptual alternations of ambiguous figures, and we found clear correlations between dwell time parameters (Necker cube) and processing speed (d2 task). The temporal dynamics of the second (go/no-go) attention task, in contrast, are exogenously governed by the stimulus protocol, and we found no statistically significant correlation with the Necker cube data. Our results indicate that both perceptual instability and higher-level attentional tasks are linked to endogenous brain dynamics on a global coordinating level beyond sensory modalities. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wernery2014,
author = {Wernery, Jannis and Atmanspacher, Harald and Kornmeier, Jürgen and Candia, Victor and Folkers, Gerd and Wittmann, Marc},
title = {Temporal processing in bistable perception of the Necker cube},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1068/p7780}
}
|
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| Wertheimer, M. and Aronson, E. | Personality rigidity as measured by aniseikonic lenses and by perceptual tests of metabolic efficiency | 1958 | Journal of General Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: "Six presumed measures of personality rigidity were intercorrelated, and two factors, perceptual reorganization ability and willingness to verbalize, were extracted. The two tests loading most highly on these two factors were then given to 50 Ss, together with Becker's aniseikonic lens test and two perceptual measures of metabolic efficiency (kinesthetic figural after-effect and Necker cube). It was found that all three kinds of measures of rigidity tend to be interrelated, but that the anikeisonic lens test seems to measure rigidity more in the sense of reluctance to verbalize in ambiguous situations while the metabolic efficiency tests seem to measure it more in the sense of inability to perform perceptual reorganizations." 20 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wertheimer1958,
author = {Wertheimer, Michael and Aronson, Elliot},
title = {Personality rigidity as measured by aniseikonic lenses and by perceptual tests of metabolic efficiency},
journal = {Journal of General Psychology},
year = {1958},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1958.9920380}
}
|
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| White, K., Gao, J. and Zhou, Y. | Fractal statistics of perceptual switching time series | 2003 | Journal of Vision | article | DOI |
| Abstract: We examined perceptual switching during ambiguous depth perception, with a Necker cube (10 subjects); during ambiguous motion perception, with the Boneh et al rotating ball (56 subjects); and during binocular rivalry, with small moving gratings (56 subjects). Autocorrelation analysis of perceptual dominance time series showed that successive response durations are essentially independent, as has long been known, on a time scale of 20 sec to 1 min (10+ responses). However, variance-sample size analysis (VSS), data shuffling, and log-normal distributional properties all show that these time series behave like 1/f noise with long range correlations. VSS detects lack of response independence for a range from roughly 30 to 100 responses (time scale on the order of 2 to 10 min) as evidenced in three ways. First, the Hurst parameter (an index of fractal self-similarity derived from second-order statistics) was as large as 0.84. A stochastic process theoretically has this Hurst parameter value = 0.5 while a predictable process, such as a sine wave, has H(2) = 1.0. Secondly, shuffling the perceptual dominance periods of each time series into randomized order and then repeating the VSS analysis showed that variances in the naturally ordered time series were significantly larger than corresponding variances in the shuffled time series. This was expected given their Hurst correlations, and it was was shown empirically by F and binomial tests. Thirdly, the histograms of H(2) for shuffled time series, randomly reordered from 1000 to 9000 times each for a subset of the data, are sharply peaked near 0.50 with a standard deviation less than 0.10. This empirically estimated sampling distribution for H(2) shows that many of the natural time series have Hurst correlations unlikely to have happened by chance in random time series. Power spectral densities of these time series and the good fits of theoretically expected log-normal probability density functions to data histograms further support the method of multifractal analysis. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{White2003,
author = {White, K.D. and Gao, J. and Zhou, Y.},
title = {Fractal statistics of perceptual switching time series},
journal = {Journal of Vision},
year = {2003},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.53}
}
|
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| Wilson, A. | Multistable perception of art-science imagery | 2012 | Leonardo | article | DOI |
| Abstract: How do artists, scientists and artist-scientists view images, and how does their cultural background affect their inter- pretation? The author proposes that artist-scientists may exhibit cultural multistability, akin to the perceptual multistability associ- ated with viewing visual illusions such as the Necker cube. After carrying out a survey, the author suggests that all individuals may exhibit cultural multistabil- ity in response to a challenging image. The author postulates a tendency of artist-scientists to use textural descriptions and discusses coming to see her own images in a new light. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wilson2012,
author = {Wilson, Amanda},
title = {Multistable perception of art-science imagery},
journal = {Leonardo},
year = {2012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1162/LEON_a_00282}
}
|
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| Wong, E. | Visual and Tactile Perception Reconsidered: From an Empirical-Phenomenological Perspective | 1975 | Journal of Phenomenological Psychology | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Explored the relationship between visual and tactile perception, using the Necker cube and the Schroeder staircase as visual stimuli. In accordance with the ideas of M. Merleau-Ponty, the study attempted to elucidate experimentally how prereflective (i.e., non-verbalized) perception integrates the other sensory modalities (e.g., touch) in comparison to reflective (i.e., verbalized) sensory experience. 24 Ss were divided into 4 experimental groups. The stimuli were presented in either brightly or dimly lit conditions, and Ss either verbalized or remained silent regarding their tactile experiences as the stimuli were oscillated. Dependent measures for the Necker cube consisted of the estimated number of oscillations per 30 sec and the degree of correspondence between the visual and tactile perceptions; Schroeder staircase measures also included the number of perceived perspectives and the Ss' estimated distance from the stimulus. Significant differences between the verbal and nonverbal groups indicated that the reflective condition group lowered the degree of relationship of visual and tactile perception. It is claimed that in spontaneous perception seeing and touching are inseparable. The integrated use of the phenomenological and experimental research strategies is urged in future studies. (PsycLIT Database Copyright 1977 American Psychological Assn, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Wong1975,
author = {Wong, Eva},
title = {Visual and Tactile Perception Reconsidered: From an Empirical-Phenomenological Perspective},
journal = {Journal of Phenomenological Psychology},
year = {1975},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1163/156916275X00152}
}
|
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| Woodson, P.P. and Tromater, L.J. | Test of two theories of the Necker Cube reversal. | 1979 | Perceptual and Motor Skills | article | DOI |
| Abstract: 51 university students were instructed to passively view the Necker Cube Illusion under no fixation (NF), fixed fixation, and sequential fixation (SF) conditions in a repeated measures design. NF Ss reported more reversals than did the SF Ss. Results are seen as being inconclusive with respect to either a satiational or cognitive explanation. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Woodson1979,
author = {Woodson, Phillip P and Tromater, L James},
title = {Test of two theories of the Necker Cube reversal.},
journal = {Perceptual and Motor Skills},
year = {1979},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1979.49.3.906}
}
|
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| Yellott, J.I. | Binocular depth inversion | 1981 | Scientific American | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Draws a distinction between the kind of perspective reversal produced by ambiguous pictures (e.g., the Necker cube) and those experienced in viewing actual 3-dimensional objects (unconscious reversal of perspective). Several experiments were conducted to test the monocular-suppression and disparity-reversal hypotheses. Results reveal that (1) inversion can occur even when the brain mechanism responsible for constructing visual experience has demonstrably registered all the depth information in normal vision, including the geometrically unambiguous information provided by binocular disparity; and (2) binocular vision can be equally precarious when the stimulus offers sufficient provocation. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Yellott1981,
author = {Yellott, J. I.},
title = {Binocular depth inversion},
journal = {Scientific American},
year = {1981},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0781-148}
}
|
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| Yokota, Y., Minami, T., Naruse, Y. and Nakauchi, S. | Neural processes in pseudo perceptual rivalry: An ERP and time-frequency approach | 2014 | Neuroscience | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Necker cube is one of the ambiguous figures that is physically a static image but can be alternately perceived in two different perspectives. A great deal of debate exists regarding ambiguous figures that induce spontaneous switching between rival percepts. To investigate the time course of neural processes underlying such perceptual rivalry, we recorded electroencephalograms associated with participants' perceptions of a Necker cube under ambiguous and unambiguous conditions, using a modified discontinuous-presentation method. Each condition consisted of two stimuli presented consecutively, starting with an unambiguous stimulus in both conditions. The second stimulus was either ambiguous (ambiguous condition) or unambiguous (control condition). We compared endogenous reversal activity of ambiguous stimuli with exogenous reversals. As a result, we found that the right-occipital beta-band activity (16-26. Hz) increased 100-150. ms and 350-450. ms after the onset of the ambiguous stimulus only when the perception of the ambiguous stimulus differed from that of the first stimulus. These results indicate that activity in the right-occipital total beta band reflects endogenous switching between rivaling percepts. textcopyright 2014 IBRO. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Yokota2014,
author = {Yokota, Y. and Minami, T. and Naruse, Y. and Nakauchi, S.},
title = {Neural processes in pseudo perceptual rivalry: An ERP and time-frequency approach},
journal = {Neuroscience},
year = {2014},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.015}
}
|
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| Yu, L., Seguro, A.C. and Rocha, A.S. | Acute renal failure following hemorrhagic shock: Protective and aggravating factors | 1992 | Renal Failure | article | DOI |
| Abstract: BACKGROUND: Binocular rivalry refers to the alternating perceptual states that occur when the images seen by the two eyes are too different to be fused into a single percept. Logothetis and colleagues have challenged suggestions that this phenomenon occurs early in the visual pathway. They have shown that, in alert monkeys, neurons in the primary visual cortex continue to respond to their preferred stimulus despite the monkey reporting its absence. Moreover, they found that neural activity higher in the visual pathway is highly correlated with the monkey's reported percept. These and other findings suggest that the neural substrate of binocular rivalry must involve high levels, perhaps the same levels involved in reversible figure alternations. RESULTS: We present evidence that activation or disruption of a single hemisphere in human subjects affects the perceptual alternations of binocular rivalry. Unilateral caloric vestibular stimulation changed the ratio of time spent in each competing perceptual state. Transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to one hemisphere disrupted normal perceptual alternations when the stimulation was timed to occur at one phase of the perceptual switch, but not at the other. Furthermore, activation of a single hemisphere by caloric stimulation affected the perceptual alternations of a reversible figure, the Necker cube. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that interhemispheric switching mediates perceptual rivalry. Thus, competition for awareness in both binocular rivalry and reversible figures occurs between, rather than within, each hemisphere. This interhemispheric switch hypothesis has implications for understanding the neural mechanisms of conscious experience and also has clinical relevance as the rate of both types of perceptual rivalry is slow in bipolar disorder (manic depression). | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Yu1992,
author = {Yu, Luis and Seguro, Antonio Carlos and Rocha, Antonino S.},
title = {Acute renal failure following hemorrhagic shock: Protective and aggravating factors},
journal = {Renal Failure},
year = {1992},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3109/08860229209039116}
}
|
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| Zheng, M. and Ukai, K. | How intermittent presentation affects conscious perceptual reversals of ambiguous figures | 2013 | SpringerPlus | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Continually observing an ambiguous figure, we can perceive reversals between different interpretations. Howbackslashrbackslashnperceptual reversals change when an ambiguous stimulus is presented intermittently? Since no reversal can bebackslashrbackslashnconsciously perceived duringbackslashrbackslashnoff-periodsbackslashrbackslashn, we use net Average Reversal Interval (netARI) but not usual averagebackslashrbackslashnreversal interval to measure the perceptual reversal rate. NetARI is calculated by dividing accumulated time ofbackslashrbackslashnon-periodsbackslashrbackslashnby the number of reversals. The results are: (1) presenting an ambiguous figure intermittently increasedbackslashrbackslashnthe perceptual reversal rate; (2) the longer the exposure of Necker cube, the slower the perceptual reversal ratebackslashrbackslashnwas, and whenbackslashrbackslashnon-periodsbackslashrbackslashnwere longer as 15 s, the perceptual reversal rate was slowed down and was almost samebackslashrbackslashnto that in the continuous case; (3) the length ofbackslashrbackslashnoff-periodsbackslashrbackslashn(which ranged from 1 s to 5 s in the present study)backslashrbackslashndid not affect the reversal rate. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Zheng2013,
author = {Zheng, Meihong and Ukai, Kazuhiko},
title = {How intermittent presentation affects conscious perceptual reversals of ambiguous figures},
journal = {SpringerPlus},
year = {2013},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-180}
}
|
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| Zhou, Y.H., Gao, J.B., White, K.D., Merk, I. and Yao, K. | Perceptual dominance time distributions in multistable visual perception | 2004 | Biological Cybernetics | article | DOI |
| Abstract: Perceptual multistability, alternative perceptions of an unchanging stimulus, gives important clues to neural dynamics. The present study examined 56 perceptual dominance time series for a Necker cube stimulus, for ambiguous motion, and for binocular rivalry. We made histograms of the perceptual dominance times, based on from 307 to 2478 responses per time series (median=612), and compared these histograms to gamma, lognormal and Weibull fitted distributions using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. In 40 of the 56 tested cases a lognormal distribution provided an acceptable fit to the histogram (in 24 cases it was the only fit). In 16 cases a gamma distribution, and in 11 cases a Weibull distribution, were acceptable but never as the only fit in either case. Any of the three distributions were acceptable in three cases and none provided acceptable fits in 12 cases. Considering only the 16 cases in which a lognormal distribution was rejected ( ptextless0.05) revealed that minor adjustments to the fourth-moment term of the lognormal characteristic function restored good fits. These findings suggest that random fractal theory might provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of multistable perceptions. | |||||
BibTeX:
@article{Zhou2004,
author = {Zhou, Y. H. and Gao, J. B. and White, K. D. and Merk, I. and Yao, K.},
title = {Perceptual dominance time distributions in multistable visual perception},
journal = {Biological Cybernetics},
year = {2004},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-004-0472-8}
}
|
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